“…Turning what are mostly spoken, informal varieties into standard languages means taking them out of their original niche(s), overhauling the way they are used and potentially alienating and stigmatising their traditional speakers (Eckert 1983). Across the minoritised language literature, authenticity and anonymity are usually presented as opposed ideologies and incompatible goals in language planning, even when it is acknowledged that they can coexist within the same communities (Weber 2016;Woolard 2016;O'Rourke & Brennan 2019). In this perspective, a minoritised language community can either accept the reality of diglossia whilst enjoying the linguistic creativity and 'covert' prestige ('solidarity') afforded by an uncodified, geographically rooted language or, alternatively, resort to standardisation to increase the status of the language, at the paradoxical risk of disenfranchising the very speakers it aims to empower.…”
Standardisation is often touted as the default means to improve attitudes towards minoritised languages and prevent/reverse their obsolescence. However, standardisation can ‘tamper’ with the indexicalities of minoritised languages, potentially alienating their speakers. Two aspects of standardisation stand out as particularly problematic: the shift from ‘ideologies of authenticity’ to ‘ideologies of anonymity’ (Woolard 2016), and the resulting introduction/intensification of prescriptivism (Eckert 1983). Although much literature focuses on the irreconcilable nature of these ideologies, I show that their discursive manifestations are neither clear-cut nor always incompatible. First, I analyse a TV debate on the standardisation of Martinican Creole (MC), in which the fault-line between authenticity and anonymity is blurred and partially overcome. Next, I draw on a Martinican activist's Instagram profile to show how various discursive strategies and a positive take on language variation can help promote MC as an ‘anonymous’ language without forgoing its ‘authenticity’ or openly stigmatising spontaneous practices. (Minoritised languages, Creoles, Martinique, maintenance, standardisation, ideologies of authenticity, anonymity, prescriptivism, purism, Abstand)*
“…Turning what are mostly spoken, informal varieties into standard languages means taking them out of their original niche(s), overhauling the way they are used and potentially alienating and stigmatising their traditional speakers (Eckert 1983). Across the minoritised language literature, authenticity and anonymity are usually presented as opposed ideologies and incompatible goals in language planning, even when it is acknowledged that they can coexist within the same communities (Weber 2016;Woolard 2016;O'Rourke & Brennan 2019). In this perspective, a minoritised language community can either accept the reality of diglossia whilst enjoying the linguistic creativity and 'covert' prestige ('solidarity') afforded by an uncodified, geographically rooted language or, alternatively, resort to standardisation to increase the status of the language, at the paradoxical risk of disenfranchising the very speakers it aims to empower.…”
Standardisation is often touted as the default means to improve attitudes towards minoritised languages and prevent/reverse their obsolescence. However, standardisation can ‘tamper’ with the indexicalities of minoritised languages, potentially alienating their speakers. Two aspects of standardisation stand out as particularly problematic: the shift from ‘ideologies of authenticity’ to ‘ideologies of anonymity’ (Woolard 2016), and the resulting introduction/intensification of prescriptivism (Eckert 1983). Although much literature focuses on the irreconcilable nature of these ideologies, I show that their discursive manifestations are neither clear-cut nor always incompatible. First, I analyse a TV debate on the standardisation of Martinican Creole (MC), in which the fault-line between authenticity and anonymity is blurred and partially overcome. Next, I draw on a Martinican activist's Instagram profile to show how various discursive strategies and a positive take on language variation can help promote MC as an ‘anonymous’ language without forgoing its ‘authenticity’ or openly stigmatising spontaneous practices. (Minoritised languages, Creoles, Martinique, maintenance, standardisation, ideologies of authenticity, anonymity, prescriptivism, purism, Abstand)*
This volume provides the first comprehensive reference work in English on the French language in all its facets. It offers a wide-ranging approach to the rich, varied, and exciting research across multiple subfields, with seven broad thematic sections covering the structures of French; the history of French; axes of variation; French around the world; French in contact with other languages; second language acquisition; and French in literature, culture, arts, and the media. Each chapter presents the state of the art and directs readers to canonical studies and essential works, while also exploring cutting-edge research and outlining future directions. The Oxford Handbook of the French Language serves both as a reference work for people who are curious to know more about the French language and as a starting point for those carrying out new research on the language and its many varieties. It will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students as well as established scholars, whether they are specialists in French linguistics or researchers in a related field looking to learn more about the language. The diversity of frameworks, approaches, and scholars in the volume demonstrates above all the variety, vitality, and vibrancy of work on the French language today
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