Conventional immunohistochemistry α-synuclein staining in colon mucosal biopsies cannot serve as a biomarker of idiopathic PD. These findings do not contradict the assumption of disease starting in the colon, and a colon segment-specific risk for disease initiation can still be hypothesized. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

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Primary aortic thrombosis remains a rare entity that can be defined as clotting of the vessel without any obvious atheromatous lesion. Cancer chemotherapy, cocaine intake, essential thrombocythemia, some hypercoagulable states, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, inflammatory disease of the digestive tract and acute pancreatitis are, beside some cases of rather unknown etiology, the causes of primary aortic thrombosis. Intravenous contrast-enhanced multislice CT, which is widely available, noninvasive and affordable in terms of cost, is the imaging modality of choice for the investigation of primary aortic thrombosis and the assessment of potential complications. Three cases due to chemotherapy, antiphospholipid syndrome and acute pancreatitis are reported.

In line with recent calls for a historicising of discourse analysis, this paper provides an account of language-in-education policies in Luxembourg since the creation of the Luxembourgish state in the early nineteenth century. We briefly expound the Luxembourgish language situation and educational system, and critically discuss the contemporary discourse of impossibility of change, which is associated with it. We argue that the Luxembourgish/German/French trilingualism of Luxembourgish education and society needs to be clearly differentiated from the specific trilingual language regime currently applied within the educational system -indeed, the latter has changed and has been adapted over time, as we will show. Hence, there is no reason why it should not change again in an ongoing effort to meet the linguistic needs of a constantly shifting school population in the best possible way. We conclude that the multilingual nature of an educational system does not guarantee the absence of linguistic exclusion, and that only systems with a high degree of flexibility can adequately meet the needs of today's increasingly heterogeneous school populations.