Lutein derived fragments exhibit higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than lutein in lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in rats

Abstract

In the present study, we appraise the anti-inflammatory efficacy of lutein oxidative degradation derivatives mediated through UV-irradiation over lutein in counteracting the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats (n = 5 per group). UV-irradiated lutein fragments were identified as anhydrolutein (B, C40H54O), 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,4-dienylium (M1, C9H13), (2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-1en-1-yl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ylium (M2, C20H29O), 4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E)-3,7,-dimethyldeca-1,3,5,7-tetraen-1-yl]-3,5,5-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol (M3, C21H30O) and zeaxanthin (M4, C40H56O) and its isomers as 13'-Z zeaxanthin, 13'-Z lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin, and 9-Z lutein. Induction of inflammation by LPS significantly increased the production of nitrites (3.3 fold in the serum and 2.6 fold in the liver), prostaglandin E2 (26 fold in the serum), and pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (6.6 fold in the serum), and interleukin-6 (4.8 fold in the serum). Oxidative derivatives of lutein, especially M1, M2 and M3, ameliorated acute inflammation in rats by inhibiting the production of nitrites, malondialdehyde (MDA), PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines more efficiently than lutein in rats. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of derivatives might be related to the decrease of inflammatory cytokines and the increase of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase), which would result in the reduction of iNOS, COX-2 and MDA and subsequently inflammatory responses.

Lutein protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation

“…A significant upregulation of Nr-2 levels was observed during Lutein treatment, which shows its potential in Nrf-2 activation and induction of antioxidant enzyme activities. Lutein's ability to enhance the antioxidant status has been reported earlier 30,31 ; however, to best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show the involvement of Nrf-2 in its protective effect.…”

The ameliorative effect of lutein on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

“…Lutein ameliorated acute infl ammation in rats by inhibiting the production of nitrites, MDA, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) cytokines. The anti-infl ammatory mechanism of lutein might be related to the decrease in infl ammatory cytokines and increase in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase), which would result in the reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2 and MDA and subsequent infl ammatory responses (20).…”

“…There are numerous experimental drug studies about lutein. In these published studies, anti-infl ammatory and antioxidative effects of lutein were investigated in several organs such as eye, prostate, kidney, liver, lung, and colon in animal models (7,13,14,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). There are no data about the effect of lutein on I/Rrelated ovarian injury.…”

Bioactivity of Carotenoids - Chasms of Knowledge

“…Highest bioactivity regarding these pathways was associated with apocarotenals with 12 C-atoms, and having a methyl-group 3 C-atoms distant from the terminal aldehyde function [17]. In addition, several studies in vitro [18] and even in vivo in rats [19] have shown that polar carotenoid breakdown products of lycopene and lutein (following UV-Vis irradiation), respectively, are more bioactive with respect to anti-infl ammatory/antioxidant targets (related to transcription factors), supporting this hypothesis.…”