“…The most commonly depicted features of lung involvement at US include the presence of B-line artifacts, an irregular thickened pleura, and subpleural consolidations ( Fig 4 , Movies 1 , 2 ) ( 80 ). B-line artifact distribution corresponds to subpleural thickened interlobular septa, as demonstrated at CT. B-line artifacts are vertically oriented, highly dynamic, and hyperechoic artifacts that originate from the pleura or from areas of consolidation that usually manifest in patients with alveolar-interstitial syndrome ( 80 – 82 ). These lines indicate accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary interstitial space (lung rockets) or alveoli (ground glass).…”
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The infection has been reported in most countries around the world. As of August 2020, there have been over 21 million cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with over 800 000 COVID-19-associated deaths. It has become apparent that although COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, many other organ systems can also be involved. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of all manifestations of the disease, as well as its related complications, and proper utilization and interpretation of imaging examinations is crucial. With the growing global COVID-19 outbreak, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic imaging hallmarks, imaging features, multisystemic involvement, and evolution of imaging findings is essential for effective patient management and treatment. To date, only a few articles have been published that comprehensively describe the multisystemic imaging manifestations of COVID-19. The authors provide an inclusive system-by-system image-based review of this life-threatening and rapidly spreading infection. In part 1 of this article, the authors discuss general aspects of the disease, with an emphasis on virology, the pathophysiology of the virus, and clinical presentation of the disease. The key imaging features of the varied pathologic manifestations of this infection that involve the pulmonary and peripheral and central vascular systems are also described. Part 2 will focus on key imaging features of COVID-19 that involve the cardiac, neurologic, abdominal, dermatologic and ocular, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as pediatric and pregnancy-related manifestations of the virus. Vascular complications pertinent to each system will be also be discussed in part 2.
“…The most commonly depicted features of lung involvement at US include the presence of B-line artifacts, an irregular thickened pleura, and subpleural consolidations ( Fig 4 , Movies 1 , 2 ) ( 80 ). B-line artifact distribution corresponds to subpleural thickened interlobular septa, as demonstrated at CT. B-line artifacts are vertically oriented, highly dynamic, and hyperechoic artifacts that originate from the pleura or from areas of consolidation that usually manifest in patients with alveolar-interstitial syndrome ( 80 – 82 ). These lines indicate accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary interstitial space (lung rockets) or alveoli (ground glass).…”
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The infection has been reported in most countries around the world. As of August 2020, there have been over 21 million cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with over 800 000 COVID-19-associated deaths. It has become apparent that although COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, many other organ systems can also be involved. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of all manifestations of the disease, as well as its related complications, and proper utilization and interpretation of imaging examinations is crucial. With the growing global COVID-19 outbreak, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic imaging hallmarks, imaging features, multisystemic involvement, and evolution of imaging findings is essential for effective patient management and treatment. To date, only a few articles have been published that comprehensively describe the multisystemic imaging manifestations of COVID-19. The authors provide an inclusive system-by-system image-based review of this life-threatening and rapidly spreading infection. In part 1 of this article, the authors discuss general aspects of the disease, with an emphasis on virology, the pathophysiology of the virus, and clinical presentation of the disease. The key imaging features of the varied pathologic manifestations of this infection that involve the pulmonary and peripheral and central vascular systems are also described. Part 2 will focus on key imaging features of COVID-19 that involve the cardiac, neurologic, abdominal, dermatologic and ocular, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as pediatric and pregnancy-related manifestations of the virus. Vascular complications pertinent to each system will be also be discussed in part 2.
“…This results in the generation of different vertical artifacts (B-lines) in the US image, which is directly related to the changes in the subpleural tissue. B-lines may indicate the accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary interstitial space or alveoli (Efremov et al 2020). Multiple B-lines are associated with pulmonary edema of cardiogenic and noncardiogenic or mixed origin.…”
Human coronaviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Detailed characterization of the pathogen and appropriate detection techniques are critical for rapid clinical decision making in order to treat the infected individuals and also to prevent further spread of the disease. Recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 that causes COVID-19 disease is an example that demonstrates the severity of such a crisis. Coronavirus genome consists of numerous accessory genes that contribute to the rapid adaptation and enhanced infectivity of the virus to a given host cell. Coronaviruses infect the human pulmonary system and cause widespread diffused alveolar damage, eventually causing hypoxia in the human body. Severe infection in immunocompromised individuals could lead to multiple organ failures and subsequent death.Application of popular imaging-based techniques such as CT for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease during a pandemic situation is limited as they are timeconsuming, costly, and nonportable in addition to lack of specific and reliable imaging markers. This chapter focuses on tackling these issues by taking two
“…The A-profile is shaped by intact (“dry”) lung parenchyma containing air when it is combined with normal lung sliding. If sliding is absent, it is intensely suggestive of a pneumothorax [ 45 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Fundamentals Of Lung Ultrasonography Examinationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 1982, Ziskin et al first described the “comet-tail” ultrasonographic sign, seen when an intrahepatic shotgun pellet was detected to generate an artefact like to what is seen in celestial comets [ 45 ]. On lung ultrasonography, usual comet-tail artifacts originate at the pleura but fade before reaching the edge of the screen.…”
Section: Fundamentals Of Lung Ultrasonography Examinationsmentioning
This statement summarises basic settings in lung ultrasonography and best practice recommendations for lung ultrasonography in COVID-19, representing the agreed consensus of experts from the Ultrasound Subcommittee of the European Society of Radiology (ESR). Standard lung settings and artefacts in lung ultrasonography are explained for education and training, equipment settings, documentation and self-protection.
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