Lumped models of the cardiovascular system of various complexity

Ježek, Filip; Kulhánek, Tomáš; Kalecky, Karel; Kofránek, Jiří

doi:10.1016/j.bbe.2017.08.001

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A cardiovascular simulator (Figure 8), available on the Web page [90], displays the pressure-volume loops of the left ventricle. It is based on our Modelica implementation [91] of the model by Burkhoff and Tyberg [92]. The model-controlled image displays atrial and ventricular filling, as well as valve opening and closing during the cardiac cycle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of In-Browser Simulators for Medical Education: Introduction of a Novel Software Toolchain

Šilar¹,

Polák²,

Mládek³

et al. 2019

J Med Internet Res

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BackgroundSimulators used in teaching are interactive applications comprising a mathematical model of the system under study and a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the user to control the model inputs and visualize the model results in an intuitive and educational way. Well-designed simulators promote active learning, enhance problem-solving skills, and encourage collaboration and small group discussion. However, creating simulators for teaching purposes is a challenging process that requires many contributors including educators, modelers, graphic designers, and programmers. The availability of a toolchain of user-friendly software tools for building simulators can facilitate this complex task.ObjectiveThis paper aimed to describe an open-source software toolchain termed Bodylight.js that facilitates the creation of browser-based client-side simulators for teaching purposes, which are platform independent, do not require any installation, and can work offline. The toolchain interconnects state-of-the-art modeling tools with current Web technologies and is designed to be resilient to future changes in the software ecosystem.MethodsWe used several open-source Web technologies, namely, WebAssembly and JavaScript, combined with the power of the Modelica modeling language and deployed them on the internet with interactive animations built using Adobe Animate.ResultsModels are implemented in the Modelica language using either OpenModelica or Dassault Systèmes Dymola and exported to a standardized Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) to ensure future compatibility. The C code from the FMU is further compiled to WebAssembly using Emscripten. Industry-standard Adobe Animate is used to create interactive animations. A new tool called Bodylight.js Composer was developed for the toolchain that enables one to create the final simulator by composing the GUI using animations, plots, and control elements in a drag-and-drop style and binding them to the model variables. The resulting simulators are stand-alone HyperText Markup Language files including JavaScript and WebAssembly. Several simulators for physiology education were created using the Bodylight.js toolchain and have been received with general acclaim by teachers and students alike, thus validating our approach. The Nephron, Circulation, and Pressure-Volume Loop simulators are presented in this paper. Bodylight.js is licensed under General Public License 3.0 and is free for anyone to use.ConclusionsBodylight.js enables us to effectively develop teaching simulators. Armed with this technology, we intend to focus on the development of new simulators and interactive textbooks for medical education. Bodylight.js usage is not limited to developing simulators for medical education and can facilitate the development of simulators for teaching complex topics in a variety of different fields.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of In-Browser Simulators for Medical Education: Introduction of a Novel Software Toolchain

Šilar¹,

Polák²,

Mládek³

et al. 2019

J Med Internet Res

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“…From a set of cardiovascular models presented by Ježek et al, 19 we chose the “Complex” model (Figure 3(a)), which already includes a modified version of a CircAdapt 20 model, with heart valves adapted from Mynard et al 21 and a coronary circuit from Bovendeerd et al 22 The adaptation was set only for peripheral (both systemic and pulmonary) resistances, no other regulations were employed. The used model is described in more detail in Ježek et al, 19 including model source code. We connected the cardiovascular model to a model of non-pulsatile ECMO by a non-linear cannula model (Figure 3(b)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the demonstrative application however, a simplified model of cardiovascular dynamics had to been used due to the computational complexity of the model described above. Instead of CircAdapt, the model has been based on much computationally simpler Smith model, 23 as also discussed and implemented in Ježek et al 19…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simulation study of left ventricular decompression using a double lumen arterial cannula prototype during a veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

et al. 2019

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Background: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be vital to support patients in severe or rapidly progressing cardiogenic shock. In cases of left ventricular distension, left ventricular decompression during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be a crucial factor influencing the patient outcome. Application of a double lumen arterial cannula for a left ventricular unloading is an alternative, straightforward method for left ventricular decompression during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a veno-arterial configuration. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to use a mathematical model of the human adult cardiovascular system to analyze the left ventricular function of a patient in cardiogenic shock supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with and without the application of left ventricular unloading using a novel double lumen arterial cannula. Methods: A lumped model of cardiovascular system hydraulics has been coupled with models of non-pulsatile veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a standard venous cannula, and a drainage lumen of a double lumen arterial cannula. Cardiogenic shock has been induced by decreasing left ventricular contractility to 10% of baseline normal value. Results: The simulation results indicate that applying double lumen arterial cannula during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is associated with reduction of left ventricular end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic pressure, and end-diastolic pressure. Conclusions: A double lumen arterial cannula is a viable alternative less invasive method for left ventricular decompression during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. However, to allow for satisfactory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow, the cannula design has to be revisited.

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“…5 in Modelica). Owing to this, even complex models are adequately transparent and understandable in Modelica (Ježek, Kulhánek, Kalecký, & Kofránek, 2017).…”

Section: Equation-based Languagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the resistor in electrical circuits has an analogy in the chemical domain as diffusion, because the molar flow of a substance is driven by the concentration gradient in the same way an electric current is driven by the voltage gradient. Those libraries are a result of our many years' experience in the implementation of extensive hierarchical models of human physiology in Modelica (Ježek et al, 2017;Jiri Kofranek, Matejak, & Privitzer, 2011), the HumMod model in particular.…”

Section: B Connectors and Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelica language - a promising tool for publishing and sharing biomedical models

Kofránek

Ježek

Matejak

2019

Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings

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Current biomedical models are so extensive that their description (and reproducibility) requires more than a set of equations. Journal papers are thus frequently accompanied by electronic enclosures with detailed model descriptions, or even better, with a complete model source code. Specific electronic archives associated with specific languages and publicly accessible simulation platforms for the creation and archiving of biomedical models have been set up, however each of them has some disadvantage and an agreement on a common language for model sharing is missing. This paper reviews the usage of the languages for physiological modeling and discusses the advantages of the Modelica language in the area of physiological simulations.

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Lumped models of the cardiovascular system of various complexity

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Development of In-Browser Simulators for Medical Education: Introduction of a Novel Software Toolchain

Development of In-Browser Simulators for Medical Education: Introduction of a Novel Software Toolchain

A simulation study of left ventricular decompression using a double lumen arterial cannula prototype during a veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Modelica language - a promising tool for publishing and sharing biomedical models

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