LTE‐based satellite communications in LEO mega‐constellations

Guidotti, Alessandro; Vanelli‐Coralli, Alessandro; Foggi, Tommaso; Colavolpe, Giulio; Caus, Màrius; Bas, Joan; Cioni, Stefano; Modenini, Andrea

doi:10.1002/sat.1258

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The large satellite count also brings challenges for gateway deployment. Because of the increase of satellite scale and limited coverage of a single satellite, a great number of gateways are required to support satellite connectivity, 4 especially in the no‐inter‐satellite link (ISL) systems 11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the increase of satellite scale and limited coverage of a single satellite, a great number of gateways are required to support satellite connectivity, 4 especially in the no-inter-satellite link (ISL) systems. 11 With ISLs, the design of ground segment may be greatly influenced by the use of ISLs, 12,13 which can be either radio frequency (RF) or freespace optical systems. ISLs can connect gateways and satellites beyond the line-of-sight coverage of the gateway, 7 to reduce the number of required gateways to support connectivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multiple gateway placement in large‐scale constellation networks with inter‐satellite links

Chen

Yang

Liu

et al. 2020

Satell Commun Network

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Multiple gateways are required in large satellite constellation networks (LSCNs) with inter-satellite links (ISLs), and their placement may greatly affect the system performance. Gateway placement can be optimized to achieve better network performance under the non-uniform ground demand distribution. This paper formulates a gateway placement optimization model for LSCN with ISLs, aiming at achieving an optimal overall performance including delay, traffic peak, and load balance. The constraints of potential gateway location, gateway-satellite connectivity, and max hop-count are considered. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based method is proposed to solve the integer optimization problem with the help of quasi-evenly distributed reference layout. A Starlink-like constellation with ISLs is adopted in the simulation. The simulation results show that the optimized layout has better performance than the reference layout. Additionally, the locations with high user demand or at the middle of ocean are preferred by gateways. The network performance is jointly influenced by gateway placement, demand distribution, constellation configuration, node, and link capacities. The abnormally high ISL hop-count is found in the south Indian Ocean, which is caused by constellation and ISL configuration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple gateway placement in large‐scale constellation networks with inter‐satellite links

Chen

Yang

Liu

et al. 2020

Satell Commun Network

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“…Several works exist in the literature that study satellite integration with cellular networks [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Different satellite-5G integration use cases as well as the latest initiatives and challenges in future 5G terrestrial and satellite integration are summarized in [7].…”

Section: Motivation and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Impact of Satellite Communications Over Mobile Networks: An Experimental Analysis

Zeydan¹,

Türk²

2019

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Future telecommunication systems are expected to co-exist with different backhauling nodes such as terrestrial or satellite systems. Satellite connectivity can add flexibility to backhauling networks and provide an alternative route for transmission. This paper presents experimental comparisons of satellite and terrestrial based backhaul networks and evaluates their performances in terms of different Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) including Channel Quality Index (CQI), Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) index, Downlink (DL) throughput, Frame Usage (FU) ratio and number of Resource Block (RB) utilization. Our experimental satellite network system uses a real satellitebased backhaul deployment and works in Ka band. As a benchmark, we compare our system with terrestrial network with regular cellular backhaul connection. Our experiments reveal three main observations: The first observation is that problems with FU ratio and number of RB utilization exist in satellite eNodeB even though a single test user equipment (UE) with high CQI and MCS index values is connected. The second observation is that in satellite link relatively low numbers of Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are generated at Radio Link Controller (RLC) layer compared to the Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) layer. Finally, our third observation concludes that the excessive existence of PDCP PDUs can be due to utilization of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol-User Plane (GTP-U) accelerator where an optimal balance between the caching size and the number of UEs using satellite eNodeB is needed. Hence, the existence of a trade-off between the supported number of UEs using satellite link and the GTP-U acceleration rate is also revealed with our experimental results.

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“…However, to avoid the above issues, significant attention is being gained by Low Earth Orbit (LEO) megaconstellations, i.e., systems in which hundreds of satellites are deployed to provide global coverage, as also demonstrated by recent commercial endeavours. In [13], [14], a mega-constellation of LEO satellites deployed in Ku-band to provide LTE broadband services was proposed and the impact of typical satellite channel impairments as large Doppler shifts and delays was assessed with respect to the PHY and MAC layer procedures. The introduction of SatCom in 5G systems has been preliminarily addressed by the authors in [15], [16], in which the focus was on the PHY and MAC layer techniques that shall cope with satellite channel impairments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architectures and Key Technical Challenges for 5G Systems Incorporating Satellites

Guidotti

Vanelli‐Coralli

Conti

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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285

162

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Satellite Communication systems are a promising solution to extend and complement terrestrial networks in unserved or under-served areas. This aspect is reflected by recent commercial and standardisation endeavours. In particular, 3GPP recently initiated a Study Item for New Radio-based, i.e., 5G, Non-Terrestrial Networks aimed at deploying satellite systems either as a stand-alone solution or as an integration to terrestrial networks in mobile broadband and machine-type communication scenarios. However, typical satellite channel impairments, as large path losses, delays, and Doppler shifts, pose severe challenges to the realisation of a satellite-based NR network. In this paper, based on the architecture options currently being discussed in the standardisation fora, we discuss and assess the impact of the satellite channel characteristics on the physical and Medium Access Control layers, both in terms of transmitted waveforms and procedures for enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) and NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) applications. The proposed analysis shows that the main technical challenges are related to the PHY/MAC procedures, in particular Random Access (RA), Timing Advance (TA), and Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) and, depending on the considered service and architecture, different solutions are proposed.

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LTE‐based satellite communications in LEO mega‐constellations

Cited by 37 publications

References 15 publications

Multiple gateway placement in large‐scale constellation networks with inter‐satellite links

Multiple gateway placement in large‐scale constellation networks with inter‐satellite links

On the Impact of Satellite Communications Over Mobile Networks: An Experimental Analysis

Architectures and Key Technical Challenges for 5G Systems Incorporating Satellites

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