&lt;title&gt;Nonlinear optical polymeric waveguide electro-optic phase modulator&lt;/title&gt;

Swalen, J. D.; Bjorklund, G. C.; Fleming, William W.; Hung, R. Y.; Jurich, M.; Lee, Victor Y.; Miller, Robert D.; Moerner, W. E.; Morichere, D.; Skumanich, A.; Smith, Barton A.

doi:10.1117/12.139215

Cited by 9 publications

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“…The inset to Figure 1a shows that the maximum absorption increases linearly with the increased concentration C (% w/w) of the dye according to Abs (OD) = ε t •d•C (i.e., the Lambert-Beer law), where ε t is the molecular extinction coefficient of trans-DR1, d the thickness of the DR1/PMMA film, and C the concentration of DR1. Aggregation may occur when dye concentration exceeds 12% in weight [53,54]; however, in our case, we did not observe aggregation of DR1 at 12% w/w, since the shape of the absorption spectrum of the 12% sample is the same as those at lower concentrations, and the linear increase of the absorbance with the concentrations extrapolates to the origin (see inset to Figure 1a). This indicates that the chromophores can be considered as isolated for all concentrations studied.…”

Section: Uv-visible Spectroscopycontrasting

confidence: 58%

Optical Characterization of Ultra-Thin Films of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers Using Ellipsometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

et al. 2021

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The determination of optical constants (i.e., real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index (nc) and thickness (d)) of ultrathin films is often required in photonics. It may be done by using, for example, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy combined with either profilometry or atomic force microscopy (AFM). SPR yields the optical thickness (i.e., the product of nc and d) of the film, while profilometry and AFM yield its thickness, thereby allowing for the separate determination of nc and d. In this paper, we use SPR and profilometry to determine the complex refractive index of very thin (i.e., 58 nm) films of dye-doped polymers at different dye/polymer concentrations (a feature which constitutes the originality of this work), and we compare the SPR results with those obtained by using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements performed on the same samples. To determine the optical properties of our film samples by ellipsometry, we used, for the theoretical fits to experimental data, Bruggeman’s effective medium model for the dye/polymer, assumed as a composite material, and the Lorentz model for dye absorption. We found an excellent agreement between the results obtained by SPR and ellipsometry, confirming that SPR is appropriate for measuring the optical properties of very thin coatings at a single light frequency, given that it is simpler in operation and data analysis than spectroscopic ellipsometry.

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Section: Uv-visible Spectroscopycontrasting

confidence: 58%

Optical Characterization of Ultra-Thin Films of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers Using Ellipsometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

et al. 2021

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“…Electro-optic (EO) polymers have been widely researched as important materials for future optical communication systems including directional couplers, Mach−Zehnder interferometers, and so on. − EO polymers are attractive due to their potential for high-bandwidth operation based on their intrinsic low dielectric constant and large nonlinear susceptibilities, as compared with inorganic materials, such as LiNbO 3 or GaAs. ,, They are, in general, polymers doped or labeled with nonlinear optical chromophores. Their second-order nonlinear susceptibilities rely on the alignment of the chromophores induced by electric field poling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Observation of the Orientational Motion of Chromophores during Corona Poling of Electro-Optic Polyimides

et al. 1996

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The corona poling process of electro-optic polymers has been investigated for rodlike aromatic polyimides doped with nonlinear optical chromophores. The dynamics of the chromophores in poling during and after imidization was observed by measuring second harmonic generation (SHG) from the polymer. In the course of poling during imidization, the SHG, observed before imidization, decreases to zero, reappears, and increases as the temperature increases. When poling was after imidization, the SHG intensity increased monotonically with increasing temperature. The disappearance of SHG in the poling during imidization is probably due to the known structural change in the polymer chains during imidization and the subsequent reorientation of the chromophores caused by formation of sheets of polyimides. The characteristics of the samples poled during and after imidization are nearly the same in both the extent of the nonlinear susceptibility and their thermal stability.

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Polymeric Electro‐Optic Modulators: Matereials synthesis and processing

et al. 1995

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The commercialization of new NLO materials will depend not only on the mastery of the technical problems but also on the availability of investment capital. Here, the research issues most relevant to commercialization are viewed and the advantages and disadvantages of new systems, both inorganic and organic, for example the cross‐linked thin‐film structure shown in the figure, presented and discussed. magnified image

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<title>Nonlinear optical polymeric waveguide electro-optic phase modulator</title>

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Optical Characterization of Ultra-Thin Films of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers Using Ellipsometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

Optical Characterization of Ultra-Thin Films of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers Using Ellipsometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

In Situ Observation of the Orientational Motion of Chromophores during Corona Poling of Electro-Optic Polyimides

Polymeric Electro‐Optic Modulators: Matereials synthesis and processing

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