&lt;title&gt;Integrated optical directional couplers: how effective are design and modeling for device production?&lt;/title&gt;

Righini, Giancarlo C.; Conti, Gualtiero Nunzi; Forastiere, Michele A.

doi:10.1117/12.264151

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thus, ion-exchanged glass devices can provide optimal solutions in quantum optical communications, in particular integrated quantum devices for quantum cryptography [49,51,198] as for example generators of quantum states, quantum projectors and Bell states measurement devices. Likewise, experimental results of these devices fabricated by ion exchange in glass provide proofs of concept about the use of ion-exchanged glass integrated optics in quantum information; but as it will be shown these devices would use well-known ion-exchanged glass integrated optical elements as directional couplers (see, for instance, References [199][200][201]), integrated optical gratings (see, for instance, references [17][18][19]) and so on. Therefore, we have many of the basic ingredients to develop IQP in a IExG platform and we only need to design such quantum devices (quantum circuits), fabricate them and optimize their performance.…”

Section: Quantum Integrated Photonic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, the modal field is lo-cated further from the glass surface, which can present irregularities, and therefore surface losses are reduced, and, on the other hand, it decreases the typical anisotropy in K + /Na + waveguides produced by mechanical stress due to the size difference of the two ions, one of the main drawback of these integrated guides. Of course there are many other strategies for fabricating directional couplers by K + /Na + ion exchange (see, for example [16,200,201]), which could also be suitable for this kind of applications. Another approach would be to use ion-exchanged MMI couplers based on multimode interference [223,224], which would have less stringent lithographic requirements.…”

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of A Quantum Projectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fabrication strategy presented here has given excellent experimental results for X π/4 and X π/2 directional couplers with both low losses and anisotropic effects (coupling between TE and TM guided modes, one of the drawbacks of K + /Na + ion exchange) thanks to the burial process. The starting point has been to use previous results [54,64,201,207,227], which have allowed us to establish a fixed temperature T = 400 • C for both the first and the second (burial) ion exchange in a soda-lime glass with index n s = 1.5104 at λ o = 633 nm. Several tests of planar thermal ion exchange in the same type of glass substrate were made, and the effective indices of the different guided modes were measured by prism coupling method in an automated system (Metricon, Model 2010/M).…”

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of A Quantum Projectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass

Righini

Liñares

2021

Applied Sciences

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Ion exchange in glass has a long history as a simple and effective technology to produce gradient-index structures and has been largely exploited in industry and in research laboratories. In particular, ion-exchanged waveguide technology has served as an excellent platform for theoretical and experimental studies on integrated optical circuits, with successful applications in optical communications, optical processing and optical sensing. It should not be forgotten that the ion-exchange process can be exploited in crystalline materials, too, and several crucial devices, such as optical modulators and frequency doublers, have been fabricated by ion exchange in lithium niobate. Here, however, we are concerned only with glass material, and a brief review is presented of the main aspects of optical waveguides and passive and active integrated optical elements, as directional couplers, waveguide gratings, integrated optical amplifiers and lasers, all fabricated by ion exchange in glass. Then, some promising research activities on ion-exchanged glass integrated photonic devices, and in particular quantum devices (quantum circuits), are analyzed. An emerging type of passive and/or reconfigurable devices for quantum cryptography or even for specific quantum processing tasks are presently gaining an increasing interest in integrated photonics; accordingly, we propose their implementation by using ion-exchanged glass waveguides, also foreseeing their integration with ion-exchanged glass lasers.

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Section: Quantum Integrated Photonic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of A Quantum Projectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of A Quantum Projectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass

Righini

Liñares

2021

Applied Sciences

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“…IQOCs, for N -dimensional quantum spaces, can be realized with integrated optical elements as single mode channel waveguides (SMW), directional couplers and integrated phase shifters [24]- [27]. So, integrated quantum optical projectors (IQOPs) can be implemented with these integrated optical elements and, therefore, an experimental realization of these projectors is an important and relevant task.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Projectors Implemented With Optical Directional Couplers in Ion-Exchanged Glasses

Prieto-Blanco

Montero-Orille

Liñares

et al. 2022

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Ion-exchanged glass as a platform for quantum photonics is proposed. Quantum projectors are implemented with integrated optical directional couplers fabricated by ion-exchange K + /Na + in soda-lime glass. We consider devices composed of concatenated directional couplers which implement N -dimensional quantum projective measurements, and concomitantly the production of 1-qudit states. The fundamental units of these devices are 2 × 2 directional couplers that are experimentally studied in order to obtain, through an optical characterization, empiric relationships between fabrication and optical parameters of such couplers. Likewise, a two-dimensional quantum projector is demonstrated so that projective measurements are obtained for the states of bases X (diagonal) and Y (circular).Index Terms-Integrated quantum passive elements, integrated quantum projective meters, ion-exchanged glass platform. I. INTRODUCTIONI NTEGRATED quantum photonic devices can implement different quantum operations for quantum communications, quantum computation, quantum metrology, and so on, with the inherent advantages associated to integrated optics. Different platforms have been proposed and used to develop these integrated quantum devices, including silicon-on-insulator (as SiO 2 ), Lithium Niobate, and Gallium Arsenide [1]-[3]. However, to our knowledge, ion-exchanged glass (IExG) platform has not been used as an integration technology for quantum photonics, despite the fact that it is present in many classical optical communications systems and optical sensors, and has been

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Multimode polarization degree of mixture optical states in integrated directional couplers

Liñares¹,

Nistal²

2012

Journal of Modern Optics

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Mixture multimode optical field classical states propagating in N Â N integrated directional couplers are analyzed by using the density matrix formalism in a N-dimensional optical space. These mutimode optical fields present a kind of generalized polarization and accordingly a definition of a multimode polarization degree is proposed. It is based on the distance measure between a mixture state and an unpolarized state in a N-dimensional optical space so that in the case N=2 the standard polarization degree is recovered. It is shown that directional couplers can reduce or increase remarkably the multimode polarization degree of a mixture state. Likewise a simple measurement technique, based on Y junctions, of this multimode polarization degree is proposed. Finally all the results can be formally extended to the special case of multimode single photon quantum states.

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<title>Integrated optical directional couplers: how effective are design and modeling for device production?</title>

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass

Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass

Quantum Projectors Implemented With Optical Directional Couplers in Ion-Exchanged Glasses

Multimode polarization degree of mixture optical states in integrated directional couplers

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