&lt;title&gt;Integrated optical Butler matrix for beam forming in phased-array antennas&lt;/title&gt;

Charczenko, Walter; Surette, Marc R.; Matthews, P.J.; Klotz, Holger; Mickelson, Alan

doi:10.1117/12.18158

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In other words, the phase shifts of RF signals produced by phase shifter architectures are same as the phase shifts in the optical domain. Phase shifter architectures predominantly include four subclasses: polarizationmodulated phase shifter architectures, modulator-induced phase shifter architectures, integrated phase shifter array architectures, matrix architectures (Butler matrix, Blass matrix and Nolen matrix), as shown in Figure 16 [16,22,[91][92][93][94][95][96].…”

Section: Obfns With Phase Shifter Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Beamforming Networks for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications

Duan

Guo

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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With the rapid data growth driven by smart phone, high-definition television and virtual reality/augmented reality devices and so on, the launched 5G and upcoming 6G wireless communications tend to utilize millimeter wave (mmWave) to achieve broad bandwidth. In order to compensate for the high propagation loss in mmWave wireless communications and track the moving users, beamforming and beamsteering are indispensable enabling technologies. These have promising potential to be realized through the use of optical beamforming networks (OBFNs) that have a wider bandwidth and smaller size, lower power consumption, and lower loss compared to those of their electric counterparts. In this paper, we systematically review various OBFN architectures using true time delays and optical phase shifters, as well as discuss performances of different architectures, scalable technologies that promote the advancement of OBFNs, and the application potentials of OBFNs. Two-dimensional OBFNs with discrete components or integrated optical devices have been elaborated, in addition to one-dimensional architectures. Moreover, the state-of-the-art technologies relative to reducing the size, loss and nonlinearity of OBFNs have also been discussed here.

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Section: Obfns With Phase Shifter Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 16. Timeline of phase shifter architectures proposed in the past [16,22,[91][92][93][94][95][96].…”

Section: Polarization-modulated Phase Shifter Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Beamforming Networks for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications

Duan

Guo

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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“…Analog beamforming techniques such as Butler Matrix and Blass Matrix were introduced in the 1960's. Phase shifters, antennas, directional couplers, crossovers and transmission lines are used for the realization of these analog beamformers [10][11][12][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The complexity of these networks for multiple beams and considerable insertion losses at higher frequencies make them undesirable at millimeter wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Optical Beamforming Approach Using Vertically Oriented Dielectric Wedges

Ghate¹,

Bredow²

2021

PIER M

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Beamforming at mm-Wave and beyond is expected to be a critical need for many emerging applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), vehicular networking systems, and unmanned aerial navigation systems as well as 5G/6G backhaul communications. A new technique is proposed using quasi-optical beamforming that will address the shortcomings of existing beamforming approaches. These structures are passive (or nearly passive) having low cost, low power consumption, compact size and weight, have bandwidth advantages, and are expected to be able to operate at higher frequencies. The proposed structures give sufficient degrees of freedom to control the beamsteering angles by varying the dielectric constants and geometries of these structures and can form simultaneous multiple low overlapping beams. This approach increases the gain of the radiating source resulting in highly directive beams; our studies suggest that sufficient dielectric and shape parameters are available so that electrical tuning of beamformer parameters is possible. These structures are designed for a 1 × 3 microstrip patch antenna to demonstrate the formation of three simultaneous low overlapping beams. The effects on bandwidth are negligible up to 4.4%, and scanning angle of 180 • has been achieved by using vertically oriented dielectric wedges. 6 dB gain enhancement and the capability to scale to larger 2D arrays have also been demonstrated. Full wave simulation results in Ansys HFSS are provided to demonstrate the proposed techniques, and validation is done in CST MWS.

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“…Furthermore, it is expected that the electromagnetic interference between BFNs and other electoric circuits is reduced and several kinds of optically controlled array have been studied [1], [2], [3]. As one of optically controlled arrays, we proposed an array with BFN of two lasers scheme using Fourier optics and photomixing [4], in which the difference of oscillating frequencies of two laser sources were set a desired microwave frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam-scanning characteristics in an array antenna with BFN using Fourier optics and photomixing

Konishi¹,

Chujo²,

Fujise³

1992

Optical Technology for Microwave Applications VI and Optoelectronic Signal Processing for Phased-Array Antennas III

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Aperture amplitude and phase distributions in a planar array antenna with a beam forming network (BFN) using Fourier optics and photomixing have been successfully measured. In this measurement, we used two laser diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers with oscillating wavelength of 1 .3 pm region and obtained an L-band microwave signal by optical heterodyne detection. We estimated beam scanning characteristics by shifting transversally the position of the pinhole image mask. Furthermore,the diameters of the pinhole image mask were changed and the far field patterns were evaluated on the basis of the measured microwave aperture amplitude and phase distributions. As a result, the beamwidth of the far field pattern was propotional to the aperture diameter of the image mask. To the best of the author's knowledge, the measurement of the aperture phase distributions correspondent to the parameters such as the image mask diameter and its position is the first demonstration.

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<title>Integrated optical Butler matrix for beam forming in phased-array antennas</title>

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Optical Beamforming Networks for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications

Optical Beamforming Networks for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications

Quasi-Optical Beamforming Approach Using Vertically Oriented Dielectric Wedges

Beam-scanning characteristics in an array antenna with BFN using Fourier optics and photomixing

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