<title>1xN waveguide splitters based on multimode interference structures made by ion exchange in glass</title>

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer on the Base of Gradient Index Multimode Interference Structures

“…According to [4], the width of the MMI section is 30 µm and the length is 1140 µm. The widths of the single-mode input and output waveguides and the widths of the interferometer arms are equal to 5 µm.…”

“…2. For each step of the propagation a non-linear diffusion equation [4] through the window described in Fig. 1 was solved, and a two--dimensional gradient profile of the refractive index distribution was determined.…”

“…Ion exchange technique making use of multi-step diffusion processes, electrodiffusion, heating, diffusive and electrodiffusive burying allows obtaining the modal properties of the obtained waveguides which decide on intermode interference effects to be easily changed. In the papers [2][3][4] it has been affirmed that self-imaging effects can occur in gradient waveguides produced by K + -Na + and Ag + -Na + ion exchange method, and their applications, among others in the technology of splitters 1 × 2 have been presented.…”

“…Multimode interference (MMI) structures have been for a few years subject to intensive research studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. A large majority of works on MMI concerned interference structures were made on the basis of step-index waveguides.…”

Applications of Gradient Index Multimode Interference Structures in the Technology of Optical Sensor

“…The distribution profile of refractive index of MMI section obtained in the diffusion process is calculated numerically from the nonlinear diffusion equation [8]:…”