<query ID="Q1"><query_paragraph>Article title: The title in the manuscript ¿Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic virtual haptic simulation in temporal bone training¿ differs from the one reflected in the submission system which is ¿Comparison of cadaveric and isomorphic virtual haptic simulation in temporal bone training (Poliquin 2014)¿. We have proceeded and followed the manuscript. Please check and advise if action taken is appropriate.</query_paragraph></query> Comparison of c

Abstract

Background: Virtual surgery may improve learning and provides an opportunity for pre-operative surgical rehearsal. We describe a novel haptic temporal bone simulator specifically developed for multicore processing and improved visual realism. A position locking algorithm for enhanced drill-bone interaction and haptic fidelity is further employed. The simulation construct is evaluated against cadaveric education. Methods: A voxel-based simulator was designed for multicore architecture employing Marching Cubes and Laplacian smoothing to perform real-time haptic and graphic rendering of virtual bone. Ten Otolaryngology trainees dissected a cadaveric temporal bone (CTB) followed by a virtual isomorphic haptic model (VM) based on derivative microCT data. Participants rated 1) physical characteristics, 2) specific anatomic constructs, 3) usefulness in skill development and 4) perceived educational value. The survey instrument employed a Likert scale (1-7). Results: Residents were equivocal about the physical properties of the VM, as cortical (3.2 ± 2.0) and trabecular (2.8 ± 1.6) bone drilling character was appraised as dissimilar to CTB. Overall similarity to cadaveric training was moderate (3.5 ± 1.8). Residents generally felt the VM was beneficial in skill development, rating it highest for translabyrinthine skull-base approaches (5.2 ± 1.3). The VM was considered an effective (5.4 ± 1.5) and accurate (5.7 ± 1.4) training tool which should be integrated into resident education (5.5 ± 1.4). The VM was thought to improve performance (5.3 ± 1.8) and confidence (5.3 ± 1.9) and was highly rated for anatomic learning (6.1 ± 1.9). Conclusion: Study participants found the VM to be a beneficial and effective platform for learning temporal bone anatomy and surgical techniques. They identify some concern with limited physical realism likely owing to the haptic device interface. This study is the first to compare isomorphic simulation in education. This significantly removes possible confounding features as the haptic simulation was based on derivative imaging.

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Plastic Surgery: A Review

“…Finally, 31 papers and 4 products were selected for this review, chosen by the degree to which the surgical target was related to plastic surgery. Table 1 shows the categorized search results relating to the surgical applications of VR/AR [56789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839]. Considering the main concerns and interests in VR/AR-based surgery, we classified the selected studies and products into 3 groups according to the clinical application: surgical planning (patient-specific simulations), surgical navigation, and surgical training.…”

“…The surgeon interacts with the virtual world naturally using his or her hands. In orthopedic surgery, most VR-based training studies to improve surgical skills such as bone drilling and burring have used a haptic device for the surgeon's tactile experience [323334]. The system developed by Wong et al [33] additionally included 3D eyewear to facilitate the user's immersion.…”