<p>The IL-33/sST2 Axis in Thromboangiitis Obliterans</p>

Abstract

Background: Until recently, it remains unknown whether thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a type of systemic vasculitis. A high level of IL-33 and its soluble decoy receptor sST2 in the acute phase of systemic vasculitis has been demonstrated. Methods: The serum level of IL-33 and sST2 in 50 TAO patients, 20 age-and smoking habit-matched controls and 19 age-matched non-smoker controls was evaluated. Results: The mean level of IL-33 in TAO, smokers and non-smokers was 370.2±61.7ng/ mL,132.14±2.6ng/mL and 11.3±0.38ng/mL, respectively. The IL-33 was significantly higher in the TAO than in either control groups (p < 0.001). The IL-33 in the acute phase of TAO was significantly higher than in the patients in the quiescent phase of the disease (p = 0.019). Also, IL-33 in the patients with gangrene was significantly higher than in the patients with non-healing ulcers (p = 0.021). The sST2 in the TAO patients was 49.3±5.58ng/mL, and in smoker and non-smoker controls, it was 45.3±6.3ng/mL and 4.11±0.17ng/mL, respectively. No significant difference was found between the patients and smoker control groups (p = 0.87). The mean ratio of IL-33/sST2 was 27.89±10.44 in the TAO group and, in smokers and non-smokers, it was 2.85±0.48 and 2.84±0.14, respectively. A significantly high level of IL-33/sST2 ratio was observed in TAO patients in both the active and quiescent phases of the disease in comparison to both control groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The regulation pattern of IL-33/sST2 was different in TAO in comparison to autoimmune vasculitis.

Correlation between Serum LP-PLA2 and sST2 Levels and the Condition of Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Their Prognostic Value

“…While sST2 is a subtype of ST2, as a decoy receptor, it can be secreted to the outside of the cell and is highly expressed during Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine inflammation and oxidative stress damage. It can affect the increased activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and exposure to vascular endothelial tissue, and it can promote coronary artery disease [29,30]. sST2 binds to its specific ligand IL-33 to activate the IL-33/ST2L signaling pathway, which is considered to be a mechanical activation system.…”

A scope systematic review to clarify immune response to tobacco in Buerger

“…All articles were patient-based and 7 articles were conducted in Iran, 4 in China and one in Korea. Systematic reviews and metaanalyses were not available, all clinical trials were not ethically prohibited, and randomized trials were assessed based on Consort checklists (11,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

“…On the other hand, it may be helpful if TAO is an autoimmune disease. The results of the investigations showed that the regulation pattern of IL-33/sST2 in TAO is different from that in autoimmune vasculitis such as SLE (19). Th17 cells are a subset of T helper cells that play a key role in in ammation by activating neutrophils.…”

Recent Updates and Advances in Winiwarter-Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans): Biomolecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics and Clinical Consequences

“…Moreover, high serum levels of IL-17, -22, -23, and -33 and low IL-10 have been reported in TAO compared to smoker controls [14,86,87].…”

“…Until recently, TAO is not known as a systemic vasculitis, and it is still unknown whether it is an autoimmune disorder [86,87]. However, the existence of several autoantibodies in some TAO patients has been reported, including anti-endothelial cell antibody (AECA), anti-elastin, and anti-collagen I and III antibodies [99][100][101][102].…”