<p>Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Employing Corn Cob Xylan as a Reducing Agent with Anti-<em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em> Activity</p>

Abstract

Background: Chagas disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is occurring in Americas, including USA and Canada, and Europe and its current treatment involves the use of two drugs as follows: benznidazole (BNZ) and nifurtimox, which present high toxicity and low efficacy during the chronic phase of the disease, thus promoting the search for more effective therapeutic alternatives. Amongst them xylan, a bioactive polysaccharide, extracted from corn cob. Methods: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR), Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), dynamic light scattering (DLS) have been used to characterize the silver-xylan nanoparticles (NX). Their cytotoxicity was evaluated with 3-bromo(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) test. MTT and flow cytometry were used to ascertain the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Results: UV-Vis spectroscopy gave plasmon resonance ranging between 400 and 450 nm while FITC and Raman spectroscopy proved nano interface functionalized with xylan. ICP-OES data showed NX with xylan (81%) and silver (19%). EDS showed NX consisting of carbon (59.4%), oxygen (26.2%) and silver (4.8%) main elements. Spherical NX of 55 nm average size has been depicted with SEM and AFM, while DLS showed 102 ± 1.7 nm NX. The NX displayed negligible cytotoxicity (2000 µg/mL). NX (100 µg/mL) was more effective, regardless of experiment time, in affecting the ability of parasites to reduce MTT than BZN (100 µg/mL). In addition, NX (100 µg/mL) induced death of 95% of parasites by necrosis. Conclusion: This is the first time silver nanoparticles are presented as an anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agent and the data point to the potential application of NX to new preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo.

WITHDRAWN: Optimization of process parameters for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plackett-Burman and 3-level Box–Behnken Design

“…Like 3D response surface plots, 2D contour plots describe the analogues interpretation on relationship between the factors. Thus indicating the importance of the three parameters i) the silver nitrate, the donor of the silver ions for the synthesis [36], ii) the plant extract which is the biological reducing agent due to the presence of the nitrate reductase in synthesizing the silver nanoparticles [37] and iii) sunlight which act as a photo catalyst in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle [38,39]. This method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a green approach proves to be much effective and cheap method as it requires the natural plant extract and sunlight as a catalyst.…”

WITHDRAWN: Optimization of process parameters for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plackett-Burman and 3-level Box–Behnken Design

“…Like 3D response surface plots, 2D contour plots describe the analogues interpretation on relationship between the factors. Thus indicating the importance of the three parameters i) the silver nitrate, the donor of the silver ions for the synthesis [36], ii) the plant extract which is the biological reducing agent due to the presence of the nitrate reductase in synthesizing the silver nanoparticles [37] and iii) sunlight which act as a photo catalyst in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle [38,39]. This method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a green approach proves to be much effective and cheap method as it requires the natural plant extract and sunlight as a catalyst.…”

The study of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles effects on iron status in male rabbits infected with T. evansi

“…Intramuscular dose of a diminazene drug was shown to be highly active against trypanosome, but when compared with Try-Pr-IONPs group, the results of present study cleared the effects of Pr-IONPS is more efficient than diminazene drug as a treatment to reward the body weight and removed the clinical signs of diseases from the animals. Host with trypanosomiasis suffering from anemia may directly or indirectly suppress host erythropoiesis (16,17). The treatment of infected rabbits with Pr-IONPs turn two directions, the first is to eliminate the parasite and the second restore homeostasis iron status parameters to the natural environment.…”

“…Trypanosomiasis infection causes dysregulation in oxidant / antioxidant status of infected animals, result in lipid peroxidation of RBCs membrane (17,19). On this regard, The T. evansi caused the increase of osmotic fragility and injury of the erythrocytes.…”