<p>Species-Specific in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized with Gum Arabic Protein</p>

Abstract

Introduction We report, herein, in vitro, and in vivo toxicity evaluation of silver nanoparticles stabilized with gum arabic protein (AgNP-GP) in Daphnia similis, Danio rerio embryos and in Sprague Dawley rats. Purpose The objective of this investigation was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo toxicity of silver nanoparticles stabilized with gum arabic protein (AgNP-GP), in multispecies due to the recognition that toxicity evaluations beyond a single species reflect the environmental realism. In the present study, AgNP-GP was synthesized through the reduction of silver salt using the tri-alanine-phosphine peptide (commonly referred to as “Katti Peptide”) and stabilized using gum arabic protein. Methods In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed according to ISO 10993–5 protocols to assess cytotoxicity index (IC 50 ) values. Acute ecotoxicity (EC 50 ) studies were performed using Daphnia similis , according to the ABNT NBR 15088 protocols. In vivo toxicity also included evaluation of acute embryotoxicity using Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos following the OECD No. 236 guidelines. We also used Sprague Dawley rats to assess the toxicity of AgNP-GP in doses from 2.5 to 10.0 mg kg −1 body weight. Results AgNP-GP nanoparticles were characterized through UV (405 nm), core size (20±5 nm through TEM), hydrodynamic size (70–80 nm), Zeta (ζ) potential (- 26 mV) using DLS and Powder X ray diffraction (PXRD) and EDS. PXRD showed pattern consistent with the Ag (1 1 1) peak. EC 50 in Daphnia similis was 4.40 (3.59–5.40) μg L −1 . In the zebrafish species, LC 50 was 177 μg L −1 . Oral administration of AgNP-GP in Sprague Dawley rats for a period of 28 days revealed no adverse effects in doses of up to 10.0 mg kg −1 b.w. in both male and female animals. Conclusion The non-toxicity of AgNP-GP in rats offers a myriad of applications of AgNP-GP in health and hygiene for use as antibiotics, antimicrobial and antifungal agents.

Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles

“…Polysaccharides have played a huge role in the application of nanomaterials, especially in biomedical applications. Polysaccharides derived from algae (Pterocladia capillacae, Jania rubins, Ulva faciata, and Colpmenia sinusa) [23] and plants (gum arabic, GA [24]) alike, were previously used as stabilizers and capping agents for nanomaterials, both chemical and green synthesized NPs, to enhance their biocompatibility and biosafety. The most widely explored polysaccharide-rich compounds are chitosan [25] and GA [24].…”

“…Polysaccharides derived from algae (Pterocladia capillacae, Jania rubins, Ulva faciata, and Colpmenia sinusa) [23] and plants (gum arabic, GA [24]) alike, were previously used as stabilizers and capping agents for nanomaterials, both chemical and green synthesized NPs, to enhance their biocompatibility and biosafety. The most widely explored polysaccharide-rich compounds are chitosan [25] and GA [24]. GA is a natural plantbased gum composed of a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, in addition to being a historical source of monosaccharides, arabinose and ribose.…”

“…GA is considered a safe additive with no adverse effects [26] and has wide applications in the food (e.g., stabilizer, thickening agent and hydrocolloid emulsifier), textile (e.g., pottery, lithography, and cosmetics) and pharmaceutical industries [27]. In the field of nanotechnology, GA has been employed because of its biocompatibility and stabilization effects for nanomaterials [28,29], such as iron oxide NPs [30][31][32], gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [33][34][35], carbon nanotubes [36], quantum dots [37], AgNPs [24], and chitosan NPs (CT-NPs). Cross-linking the carboxylic groups of GA with CT produced CTGA-NPs that had improved mechanical properties, and which consequently found application as a bone graft substitute for bone regeneration [38].…”

pH Responsive Abelmoschus esculentus Mucilage and Administration of Methotrexate: In-Vitro Antitumor and In-Vivo Toxicity Evaluation

“…Furthermore, the use of relevant species of animals for in-vivo toxicity analysis has a principal role in evaluating the long-term toxicity data. These studies can ultimately be translated into accessing the human tissue’s reactivity profile [ 53 , 54 ]. In the present study, neither any toxic effects (skin color alteration, tremors, and diarrhea) nor mortality were observed.…”

Use of an in silico knowledge discovery approach to determine mechanistic studies of silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity from in vitro to in vivo

“…The rapid advances in nanotechnology in the past decades have provided a myriad of opportunities for mass production of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) of various chemical types including metals and nonmetals. Among the wide spectrum of currently used ENMs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted considerable popularity in the scientific world due to their excellent antimicrobial effect, electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity [ 1 ]. With the ability to tailor particle size and flexibility in surface modification, AgNPs are continuing to find applications in different industrial sectors, such as healthcare, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, and electronics.…”