<p>Quality control and standardization of FACA® syrup</p>

Abstract

A b s t r a c tSickle cell disease is a major public health problem. It is the first genetic disease in the world. FACA syrup offers an alternative treatment. It is a dry powder preparation of two components, the roots barks of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae) Zepernick, Timler and Calotropis procera.Ait. R.B.r. (Asclepiadaceae). The product was developed at Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) from a traditional recipe used in Burkina Faso for treatment of sickle cell crises. This study aimed to establish physical-chemical, pharmaco technical and microbiological control parameters essential for the standardization of the phytomedicine. This valuation concerned specifications of moisture content, pH, the fingerprint by thin layer chromatography, pesticide residues, heavy metal content, microbial quality, and total ash. These charcteristics were determined by the methods prescribed by the World Health Organization (1998) and the European Pharmacopoeia 6th edition. The results have shown that dry syrups and reconstituted syrups were sweet, slightly spicy with a bitter after taste, a white room color and a faint odor. The density at the preparation was 0.985 and the pH was 5.93. After 2 months of storage in the laboratory, the organoleptic parameters of the reconstituted syrups have not changed. They were mold free, the density remained around 1 and the pH between 5 and 4. These parameters have shown that the quality of plants powders and this medicine comply with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia. Faca syrup may contribute to the better management of sickle cell disease in children.

Defense Institution Building in Africa: An Assessment

“…22 DIILS has been carrying out resident and mobile courses in many more African countries, including (as of FY 2012) Morocco, Tunisia, Côte d'Ivoire, Namibia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Chad, Djibouti, Nigeria, South Sudan, Uganda, Gabon, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, and Botswana. 23 Table 3.5 lists these engagements.…”

“…22 These documents underline the need to address some of the common challenges that a large number of defense institutions experience across Africa. 23 Ouédraogo, in his 2014 ACSS report, pointed to the institutional factors-"gaps in the chain of command leading to indiscipline, inadequate oversight of procurement practices, weak resource management diminishing operational capacity, poor morale, and a misaligned or obsolete mission"-that undermine the operational capacity of most African militaries. 24 Three types of DIB stand out from SSR practice.…”

“…Although MoDA was not yet present in Africa as of mid-2014 (Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Montenegro were the first three countries with MoDA advisors), three of the 16 countries nominated as candidates for potential MoDA deployment in FY 2013 were in Africa (Botswana, DRC, and Guinea). 24 The most recent program is the SGI, which was announced by the White House at the close of the U.S.-Africa Leader's Summit-the first such summit to be organized by the U.S. government-on August 6, 2014. The SGI was created to further develop the "comprehensive approach to improving security sector governance and capacity to address threats."…”

“…From FYs 2011 to 2013, DIILS expended approximately $343,000 on its engagements with Liberia. 23 Together, DIILS and the OOL legal mentors helped launch a more-effective, functional AFL disciplinary system by familiarizing disciplinary board participants with the roles and responsibilities of prosecutors and defense attorneys. Liberians cited these efforts as key to their success completing a disciplinary board that resulted in the conviction and reprimand of two senior officers for bribery and conduct unbecoming an officer.…”

“…Liberians cited these efforts as key to their success completing a disciplinary board that resulted in the conviction and reprimand of two senior officers for bribery and conduct unbecoming an officer. 24 The U.S. defense advisor's main objective is to help the MoD manage the Liberian military more efficiently and effectively. Currently, the advisor is working on projects related to maintenance, intelligence, the coast guard, and planning.…”