<p>Multifunctional hypoxia imaging nanoparticles: multifunctional tumor imaging and related guided tumor therapy</p>

Abstract

Hypoxia is a common feature of most solid tumors. Having a comprehensive understanding of tumor hypoxia condition is a key to tumor therapy. Many hypoxia imaging nanoparticles have been used for tumor detection. However, simple optical hypoxia imaging is not enough for tumor diagnosis. Also, the tumor therapy process needs the information about the tumor hypoxia condition. Recently, researchers developed multimodal hypoxia tumor imaging nanoparticles and multifunctional hypoxia imaging-guided tumor therapy nanoparticles. The multimodal hypoxia imaging could produce more tumor region information and engage in functional tumor imaging to better understand the tumor condition. The multifunctional hypoxia imaging-guided tumor therapy could monitor the tumor therapy process and evaluate tumor therapeutic effect. Meanwhile, many challenges and limitations are still remaining in the application of multifunctional hypoxia nanoparticles. In this review, we first introduce the types of multifunctional hypoxia imaging nanoparticles. Then we focus on multimodal hypoxia imaging nanoparticles and hypoxia imaging-guided tumor therapy nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges and future perspectives of this field. There has not been many studies in this field for now. We hope this review would bring more researchers’ attention to this field so that it would substantially contribute to tumor precise therapy.

An 808 nm Light-Sensitized Upconversion Nanoplatform for Multimodal Imaging and Efficient Cancer Therapy

“…The quantum yields of rGO-MnO 2 -UCNPs and rGO-MUC were determined to be 66 and 81%. These quantum yields values signify our nanocomposite has high quantum yield and strong photoluminescence, thus displaying promising application in cell imaging and hypoxia-responsive cancer therapy. − …”

Optical and magnetic resonance imaging approaches for investigating the tumour microenvironment: state-of-the-art review and future trends

“…[210][211][212] Wu et al have described multifunctional hypoxia imaging nanoparticles (core-shell structure nanoparticles, matrixdispersed nanoparticles, self-assembled nanoparticles, and micelle/liposome-like nanoparticles) for tumour imaging and guided tumour therapy. [213] Recently, Zheng et al reported a NIR phosphorescent ratiometric nanoprobe composed of a fluorescent semiconducting polymer and Ppalladium complex, which enables quantitative imaging of tumour hypoxia dynamics during radiotherapy. [214] Another example of an [216] The reversible probe composed of two moieties ([Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 and up-conversion nanoparticles) becomes luminescent under hypoxic conditions and vice versa.…”

“…Several nanoparticle-mediated methods have been employed for fluorescence-based detection of cancer biomarkers which offer properties such as high surface area-to-volume ratio and unique optical properties [187][188][189]. Wu et al have described multifunctional hypoxia imaging nanoparticles (core-shell structure nanoparticles, matrixdispersed nanoparticles, self-assembled nanoparticles, and micelle/liposome-like nanoparticles) for tumour imaging and guided tumour therapy [190]. Recently, Zheng et al reported a NIR phosphorescent ratiometric nanoprobe composed of a fluorescent semiconducting polymer and palladium complex, which enables quantitative imaging of tumour hypoxia dynamics during radiotherapy [191].…”

Rational Molecular Designing of Aggregation-Enhanced Emission (AEE) Active Red-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes: Effect of Lipophilicity and Nanoparticle Encapsulation on Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy

“…Moreover, tumor cells often thrive under low oxygen concentrations (hypoxia, >3% oxygen). Notably, the emission intensity of the triplet emitter can be increased even at low oxygen conditions, rendering them suitable as a therapeutic molecule against resilient cancer cells that can be sustained under hypoxic conditions. − Therefore, with the emission intensity of triplet emitters further enhanced because of the scarcity of oxygen molecules, they stand as potential candidates for imparting and increasing phototoxicity.…”