<p>Mechano-signalling, induced by fullerene C₆₀ nanofilms, arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and decreases proliferation of liver cancer cells</p>

Abstract

Introduction and objective Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes the physicochemical properties and dysregulates ECM–cell interactions, leading to several pathological conditions, such as invasive cancer. Carbon nanofilm, as a biocompatible and easy to functionalize material, could be used to mimic ECM structures, changing cancer cell behavior to perform like normal cells. Methods Experiments were performed in vitro with HS-5 cells (as a control) and HepG2 and C3A cancer cells. An aqueous solution of fullerene C 60 was used to form a nanofilm. The morphological properties of cells cultivated on C 60 nanofilms were evaluated with light, confocal, electron and atomic force microscopy. The cell viability and proliferation were measured by XTT and BrdU assays. Immunoblotting and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and determine the number of cells in the G2/M phase. Results All cell lines were spread on C 60 nanofilms, showing a high affinity to the nanofilm surface. We found that C 60 nanofilm mimicked the niche/ECM of cells, was biocompatible and non-toxic, but the mechanical signal from C 60 nanofilm created an environment that affected the cell cycle and reduced cell proliferation. Conclusion The results indicate that C 60 nanofilms might be a suitable, substitute component for the niche of cancer cells. The incorporation of fullerene C 60 in the ECM/niche may be an alternative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Graphene Oxide Nanofilm and Chicken Embryo Extract Decrease the Invasiveness of HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells.

“…In most human cancers, the G0/G1 checkpoint does not completely stop the cell cycle as opposed to G2/M [69]. In the present work, the use of two factors (nfGO + CELE) increased the population of HepG2 and C3A cells in the G2/M phase, thus preventing cells with damaged DNA from entering the M phase and allowing damage repair [16]. Ultimately, the total population of HepG2 cells in the active phase of the cell cycle was increased, in particular in G2/M phase, which con rms the increase in the ki67 gene expression.…”

“…What's more, it con rms the thesis of the need for targeted therapy and the risk of obtaining a negative effect in mismatched therapy. Additionally, C3A cells cause a higher resistance to treatment than the HepG2 cell line [16]. C3A cells produce more albumin and alphafetoprotein than HepG2 cells and can grow in the glucose-de cient medium.…”

“…The large surface area and hydrophilic properties of GO promote anchoring and successful functionalisation with various molecules [15]. Mechanical signalling, derived from a nano lm formed by nanoparticles of allotropic forms of carbon and showing natural roughness, determines the a nity and adhesion of cells [15,16,17]. The biocompatibility and unique characteristics of GO, in particular exibility, stability, hydrophilic and nano-dimensions, suggest using it as a biomimic ECM.…”

Graphene Oxide Nanofilm and Chicken Embryo Extract Decrease the Invasiveness of HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells

“…In most human cancers, the G0/G1 checkpoint does not completely stop the cell cycle as opposed to G2/M(Yin et al 2017). In the present work, the use of CELE and also two factors (nfGO + CELE) increased the population of HepG2 cells in the G2/M phase, thus preventing cells with damaged DNA from entering the M phase and allowing damage repair(Sosnowska et al 2019). Ultimately, the total population of HepG2 cells in the active phase of the cell cycle was increased, in particular in G2/M phase, which con rms the increase in the ki67 gene expression.…”

Graphene Oxide Scaffold Stimulates Differentiation and Proangiogenic Activities of Myogenic Progenitor Cells

“…GO flakes were produced from graphite using a modified Hummers method. Experimental scaffolds comprised of GO were prepared as previously described [45]. In short, the GO hydrocolloid (1 mg/mL) was applied to the bottom of a 6-well plate and dried in a laminar chamber.…”