<p><strong>Acaricide resistance and mechanisms in </strong><strong><em>Tetranychus urticae</em></strong><strong> populations from greenhouses in Turkey</strong><strong></strong></p>

Abstract

Turkey has great potential in vegetable production especially in greenhouses. However, plant pests such as Tetranychus urticae Koch can cause significant yield losses with the contribution of suitable climate conditions of greenhouses that allow to fast development of spider mites. Although synthetic acaricides are the most preferred control tools to manage T. urticae populations in Turkey, control failure has often been reported because of its ability to quickly develop resistance. In this study, bifenthrin and hexythiazox toxicity over five field-collected strains were evaluated and mechanisms of resistance have also been investigated via biochemical and molecular methods. Resistance mutations in voltage gated sodium channel and chitin synthase I which are the target sites of bifenthrin and hexythiazox, respectively, were found in various strains. The specific activity of P450 and GST enzymes was significantly increased in all field-collected strains comparing with susceptible strain. In addition, synergists of P450 and esterase enzymes enhanced the bifenthrin and hexythiazox toxicity, respectively. The results of this study will contribute to design proper resistance management strategies in Turkish greenhouses.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Resistance to Cyflumetofen and Bifenthrin in Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cowpea

“…Previous studies reported that the detoxification of bifenthrin in T. urticae was associated with increased esterase activity rather than cytochrome P450s [15,16]. However, in our study, the activity of P450s, GSTs and CarEs increased and could thus play a vital role in bifenthrin resisitance [17,25]. Moreover, the activity of GSTs (R_bft) was significantly higher than that of the susceptible strain (Lab_SS) (Figure 1b), which is in agreement with the work described by Yang et al in 2001 [26].…”

A high‐throughput KASP assay provides insights into the evolution of multiple resistant mutations in populations of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae across China

“…15,16,21 These methods have been used to monitor acaricide resistance of the TSSM in China, Greece, Ethiopia, and Turkey. 15,16,34,35 However, they often have limitations for detecting early resistance when resistance mutations are expected to be at a very low frequency and large numbers of individuals need to be screened. Moreover, since most resistant alleles are located on the diploid nuclear genome, methods applicable to codominant markers are preferable to identify heterozygous genotypes.…”

“…Many methods have been established to detect the acaricide resistance of TSSM, such as Sanger sequencing, TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) 15,16,21 . These methods have been used to monitor acaricide resistance of the TSSM in China, Greece, Ethiopia, and Turkey 15,16,34,35 . However, they often have limitations for detecting early resistance when resistance mutations are expected to be at a very low frequency and large numbers of individuals need to be screened.…”

Çukurova Bölgesi pamuk alanlarında Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’nin insektisit direncinin belirlenmesi

“…Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a cotton pest and known as polyphagous species with a broad-spectrum host plant (Cheng et al, 2023). Chemical pesticides, including the commonly used organophosphorus, pyrethroid and carbamates, have been used intensely against various pests, and the resistance problem has been revealed in recent years (Alpkent et al, 2020;Erdoğan et al, 2023). It has been reported that A. gossypii developed resistance to more than 50 active ingredients in Türkiye and around the World (Anonymous, 2023).…”