Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Resistance to Cyflumetofen and Bifenthrin in Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cowpea

Abstract

Tetranychus urticae Koch (T. urticae) is one of the most tremendous herbivores due to its polyphagous characteristics, and is resistant to most acaricides. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were carried out to analyze the mechanisms of T. urticae metabolic resistance to cyflumetofen and bifenthrin on cowpea. The enzyme activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and carboxylesterases (CarEs) in the cyflumetofen-resistant (R_cfm) strain significantly decreased, while that of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) significantly increased. Meanwhile, the activities of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), CarEs and P450s in the bifenthrin-resistant (R_bft) strain were significantly higher than those in the susceptible strain (Lab_SS). According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses, in the R_cfm mite strain, two carboxyl/cholinesterase (CCE) genes and two P450 genes were upregulated and one gene was downregulated, namely CYP392E7; in the R_bft mite strain, eleven CCE, nine UGT, two P450, four GST and three ABC genes were upregulated, while four CCE and three P450 genes were downregulated. Additionally, 94 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were common to the two resistant groups. Specifically, TuCCE46 and TuCCE70 were upregulated in both resistant groups. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR validation data were consistent with those from the transcriptome sequencing analysis. Specifically, TuCCE46 (3.37-fold) was significantly upregulated in the R_cfm strain, while in the R_bft strain, TeturUGT22 (5.29-fold), teturUGT58p (1.74-fold), CYP392A11 (2.89-fold) and TuGSTd15 (5.12-fold) were significantly upregulated and TuCCE01 (0.13-fold) and CYP392A2p (0.07-fold) were significantly downregulated. Our study indicates that TuCCE46 might play the most important role in resistance to cyflumetofen, and TuCCE01, teturUGT58p, teturUGT22, CYP392A11, TuGSTd15, TuGSTm09 and TuABCG-13 were prominent in the resistance to bifenthrin. These findings provide further insight into the critical genes involved in the metabolic resistance of T. urticae to cyflumetofen and bifenthrin.

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)- glycosyltransferases (UGTs) confer insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.l and Anopheles funestus

“…UGTs found overexpressed across multiple subfamilies in An. gambiae cluster with UGTs from agricultural pests linked to resistance to compounds used in malaria vector control 35,47,48 . Interestingly, the UGT308 (UGT308G1 studied here), 309 and 310 family, which show expansion in mosquito species relative to D. melanogaster and M. domestica, cluster with A. gossypii AgosUGT344B4 which has been previously linked with neonicotinoid resistance 38 and B. dorsalis BdUGT50B5 linked to neonicotinoid and pyrethroid cross-resistance 48 .…”

“…Strikingly, many of these UGT families confer cross-resistance between imidacloprid and pyrethroids 40,41 . Importantly for vector control, UGT-mediated resistance to chlorfenapyr, a pyrrole now widely used in ITNs 35,[42][43][44] , and pyrethroids have been demonstrated in several agricultural pest species, with UGT families linked to lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin resistance 40,[45][46][47][48][49][50] . Additionally, there is evidence of UGTs aiding resistance towards dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 45 .…”

Insecticidal Activity and Molecular Target by Morphological Analysis, RNAseq, and Molecular Docking of the Aryltetralin Lignan Lactone Helioxanthin, Isolated from Taiwania flousiana Gaussen

“…The primers used in this study are listed in the Supporting Information (Table S1). The relative gene expression levels were calculated by the 2 –ΔΔCt method …”

“…The relative gene expression levels were calculated by the 2 −ΔΔCt method. 20 2.9. Molecular Docking.…”

Efecto acaricida y ovicida de los aceites esenciales de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. y Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. contra Tetranychus urticae en fresa (Fragaria spp.)

“…Los ácaros son plagas que pueden causar pérdidas importantes en el rendimiento de muchos cultivos de interés agrícola como frutas, hortalizas y plantas ornamentales (İnak et al, 2019;Schmidt-Jeffris et al, 2021) uno de los más problemáticos es Tetranychus urticae Koch, conocido como ácaro rojo de dos manchas (Adesanya et al, 2021;Patel et al, 2020;Bamel & Gulati, 2021), que pertenece a la familia Tetranychidae. El excesivo uso de acaricidas de síntesis química para controlar al ácaro ha evidenciado resistencia e inefectividad para su manejo (Namin et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2022).…”