<p><em>ACE</em> gene polymorphism and its association with serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin ‎in Iraqi hemodialysis patients</p>

Abstract

Purpose To evaluate the frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism in ‎Iraqi hemodialysis patients and to examine the association ‎between this polymorphism and ‎serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels.‎ Methods In this study, 70 chronic renal failure Iraqi patients on ‎maintenance ‎hemodialysis (patient group) and 20 healthy subjects (control ‎group) were genotyped for ‎ angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. The distribution of genotype and allele ‎frequencies of this polymorphism in ‎these subjects were also evaluated.‎ Results The distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes between ‎groups was ‎similar, and the ID genotype was the most frequent, followed by DD and II ‎genotypes (‎50%‎, ‎37%‎, and ‎13%). The control group ‎had a nonsignificant difference in serum ‎erythropoietin levels among different angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, ‎while patients with ID and DD genotypes displayed significant ‎elevation in ‎serum erythropoietin with time. No significant differences in hemoglobin ‎levels ‎were observed in patient and control groups. A significant positive correlation ‎was ‎observed between serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin in the control group ‎with different ‎angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes, while a nonsignificant ‎negative correlation was ‎observed in the patient group throughout the study. ‎ Conclusions Chronic kidney disease did not significantly alter angiotensin-converting enzyme ‎genotypes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ‎polymorphism had a significant effect on ‎serum erythropoietin levels and a non‎significant effect on hemoglobin levels. ‎

CE-D/I SNP polymorphism in Iraqi patients with chronic renal failure in Thi-Qar province

“…Rahimi et al [8], in Iran discovered that the frequencies of ACE genotypes and allles were not statistically different compared to ESRD patients and controls; the latest findings are inconsistent with the current study showing that there is a significant statistical difference between patients and the control group in SNP ACE genotypes (DD and II). The current study did not match the results of another local study in Baghdad by Al-Radeef et al [9] showed that most frequent ID genotype followed by DD and II in overall CKD events, with no significant difference between chronic kidney disease and healthy subjects in these genotypes [9] . This mismatch can be due to a very important reason related by the small size of the studied samples, environmental heterogeneity and natural genetic in different ethnic groups or it might as the result of the method that is used in this study.…”

“…According to the Promega protocol of the manufacturer, genomic DNA extracted from blood samples using the RediaperTM Blood gDNA Miniprep System (Promega, USA) provides a quick, simple technique for mammalian blood preparation of purified and intact DNA, the quality and concentration of extracted DNA were analyzed by using Nano drop spectrophotometer 1000 -Taiwan that assessed the consecration at (ng/ul) and evaluated the quality (purity) of DNA by reading the absorbance at (260/280 nm) and the DNA bands have been seen by electrophoresis of the agarose gel. The polymorphism of the ACE gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the technique defined by Al-Radeef et al [9]. The SNP in ACE gene involves two allelic forms (D and I ), corresponding to the deletion or the insertion that forms three probable genotypes: DD, II or ID.…”

“…Also, in Iran Rahimi et al [8] indicated that ACE D allele increases the risk of hypertension in ESRD patients [8] . Recently, the results of Al-Radeef et al in Baghdad, showed that the angiotensin-converting enzyme genetic polymorphism had a significant impact on serum erythropoietin rates and had no significant effect on hemoglobin levels in Iraqi hemodialysis patients [9] . Thus, the D allele is reported to be either indifferent, or associated with the worst renal diagnosis, the evidence seems to favor the role of the allele in the development of renal function loss, although not in the entire population and not at all.…”

Haematological Indicators of Response to Erythropoietin Therapy in Chronic Renal Failure Patients on Haemodialysis: Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme rs4343 Gene Polymorphism

“…The ACE rs4646994 D/D genotype was associated with a poor response to rHuEpo in HD Korean patients, suggesting that it could be a useful genetic tool in predicting Epo requirement and responsiveness in HD patients. 10 Kiss et al, 27 working on Hungarian and Al-Radeef et al, 28 working on Iraqi HD patients, reported that ACE polymorphism had a non-significant effect on the Hb level. These variations may arise from the exact SNPs tested; we explored the ACE G2350A (rs4343) effect while they examined rs1799752 and rs4646994, respectively.…”

“…This notion contradicts the finding of Al-Radeef et al, who showed that another rs1799752 I/D and D/D genotypes had a higher serum Epo level compared to the I/I genotype. 28 …”