<p>Green Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) and Their Antimicrobial Applications: A Review</p>

Abstract

During the last decade green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) attracted remarkable interest in various fields of science and technology. This review, explores the vast array of biological resources such as plants, microbes, and other biological products being used in synthesis of CeO 2 NPs. It also discusses their biosynthetic mechanism, current understandings, and trends in the green synthesis of CeO 2 NPs. Novel therapies based on green synthesized CeO 2 NPs are illustrated, in particular their antimicrobial potential along with attempts of their mechanistic elucidation. Overall, the main objective of this review is to provide a rational insight of the major accomplishments of CeO 2 NPs as novel therapeutics agents for a wide range of microbial pathogens and combating other diseases.

Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Carissa carandas L. and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

“…When using a plant extract during green biosynthesis of AgNPs, flavonoids can cap the AgNPs and thus increase their antioxidant activity [ 10 , 11 ]. Higher antioxidant activity of AgNPs was also reported in many plant-based synthesized AgNPs [ 7 , 12 ]. In agreement with our observation, the antioxidant power of AgNPs is known to vary with the concentration applied [ 44 ].…”

“…Nanotechnology is emerging and exponentially growing field with wide applications in science and technology [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary area of research using core techniques of various disciplines like chemistry, engineering, physics and biological sciences, and leading to the development of novel strategies to manipulate minute particles resulting in the production of nanoparticles (NPs).…”

Regulation of Ce (Ⅲ) / Ce (Ⅳ) ratio of cerium oxide for antibacterial application

“…The antibacterial mechanisms of CeO 2 nanoparticles proposed in most literatures are the electrostatic attraction between CeO 2 nanoparticles and bacteria where CeO 2 nanoparticles are positively charged and bacteria are negatively charged, leading to oxidative stress and interfering with the nutrient transport functions ( Nadeem et al., 2020 ; Qi et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2019 ). Moreover, the antibacterial effects of CeO 2 nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli are different, which is closely related to cell membrane structures.…”

Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review

“…Each synthesis method has its advantages and limitations. The top-down approach has many advantages, such as the production of the desired size and large quantity of nanoparticle, whereas the fabrication of NPs using this method leads to eco-toxicity, high energy consumption and on top of that is expensive and time-consuming [ 2 , 3 ]. The bottom-up approach is further divided into two classes: biological and non-biological approaches.…”

“…Nanotechnology combines various chemical and physical processes to construct nanomaterials, which are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, and have unique properties [ 1 ]. Nanotechnology has applications across different fields, such as nanomedicines, biomaterials, nanoelectronics, environment, imaging, industries, and agriculture [ 2 , 3 ]. In healthcare, it has been widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, drug delivery, and novel drug formulations [ 2 , 4 ].…”