<p>Gallbladder Cancer Progression Is Reversed by Nanomaterial-Induced Photothermal Therapy in Combination with Chemotherapy and Autophagy Inhibition</p>

Abstract

Introduction: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy in biliary tract with extremely poor prognosis. Photothermal therapy (PTT) shows great promises for tumor therapy, which causes tumor cell death via selectively directed heating released by nanoparticles under the near-infrared irradiation. Through degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins in autophagosomes, autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining the intracellular homeostasis. The present study attempted to combine chemotherapy and autophagy blocking with PTT. Materials and Methods: We purchased multi-walled carbon nanotubes from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials and performed PTT using an 808-nm diode laser. The cytotoxic effects of PTT and chemotherapy in vitro were assessed by cell viability analysis. The effects of PTT and chemotherapy on autophagy in vitro were assessed by GFP-LC3 and Western blot. And these results were confirmed by in vivo experiment. Results: Both PTT and chemotherapy could trigger cytoprotective autophagy to tolerate the cellular stresses and prolong the survival of GBC cell; therefore, the blocking of autophagy could enhance the efficacy of PTT and chemotherapy in GBC treatment in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine could enhance the efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia in GBC.

Cobalt Ferrite‐Gossypol Coordination Nanoagents with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency Sensitizing Chemotherapy against Bcl‐2 to Induce Tumor Apoptosis

“…The hypoxic condition of the tumor was reduced after treatment in the synergistic therapy group, as shown by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of HIF‐1α (Figure 7i), but HIF‐1α expression was increased in the other groups with less effective treatment, in agreement with the existing literature. [ 56 ] We also found that the expression of Bcl‐2 was suppressed in gossypol‐treated samples. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining revealed that a small number of apoptotic cells appeared in the Saline and GMO groups due to tumor overgrowth; apoptosis was directly caused by the synergistic chemo/PTT; and gossypol chemotherapy was used to achieve the anti‐tumor effect through apoptosis, with someapoptotic cells.…”

Overview of current targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer

“…35 Concomitantly, advanced nanotechnology employing various modified materials that offer optimal cargos to efficiently deliver RNA molecules has also given rise to promising benefit in the chemotherapy of GBC. Cai and co-workers 36,37 found that nanomaterial-induced photothermal therapy in combination with chemotherapy and chloroquine inhibited GBC cell proliferation. It is worthwhile monitoring the efficacy of this novel delivery system with RNA molecules as an alternative therapy for GBC in future.…”

Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles Synergizes With Metformin to Treat Breast Cancer Cells Through Regulation of Selenoproteins

“…In addition, long-term use of chemotherapeutic medication can lead to multidrug resistance ( Luo et al, 2019 ; Zhen et al, 2019 ). However, use of drug combinations in chemotherapy can reduce the toxic side effects of drugs and enhance their safety ( Bang et al, 2019 ; Cai et al, 2020 ). The treatment of tumor patients with complex needs must take into account the interactions and contraindications among different diseases.…”