<p>Exploring the Interaction of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles with Albumin, Leukemia Cancer Cells and Pathogenic Bacterial by Multispectroscopic, Docking, Cellular and Antibacterial Approaches</p>

Abstract

The interaction of NPs with biological systems may reveal useful details about their pharmacodynamic, anticancer and antibacterial effects. Methods: Herein, the interaction of as-synthesized Co 3 O 4 NPs with HSA was explored by different kinds of fluorescence and CD spectroscopic methods, as well as molecular docking studies. Also, the anticancer effect of Co 3 O 4 NPs against leukemia K562 cells was investigated by MTT, LDH, caspase, real-time PCR, ROS, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays. Afterwards, the antibacterial effects of Co 3 O 4 NPs against three pathogenic bacteria were disclosed by antibacterial assays. Results: Different characterization methods such as TEM, DLS, zeta potential and XRD studies proved that fabricated Co 3 O 4 NPs by sol-gel method have a diameter of around 50 nm, hydrodynamic radius of 177 nm with a charge distribution of −33.04 mV and a welldefined crystalline phase. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and synchronous fluorescence as well as CD studies, respectively, showed that the HSA undergoes some fluorescence quenching, minor conformational changes, microenvironmental changes as well as no structural changes in the secondary structure, after interaction with Co 3 O 4 NPs. Molecular docking results also verified that the spherical clusters with a dimension of 1.5 nm exhibit the most binding energy with HSA molecules. Anticancer assays demonstrated that Co 3 O 4 NPs can selectively lead to the reduction of K562 cell viability through the cell membrane damage, activation of caspase-9,-8 and-3, elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio, ROS production, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Finally, antibacterial assays disclosed that Co 3 O 4 NPs can stimulate a promising antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: In general, these observations can provide useful information for the early stages of nanomaterial applications in therapeutic platforms.

Inspirations of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticle Based Anticancer Therapeutics

“…Although chitosan-coated nanoparticles are insoluble under normal physiological pH, the concentration should be less than 100 µg/mL when used in biomedicine for safety reasons [58]. This is consistent with the experimental results of Arsalan N et al who also proved that Co 3 O 4 NPs can reduce the survival rate of K562 cells by damaging cell membrane, activating caspase-9, -8 and -3, increasing Bax/Bcl ratio and promoting ROS production, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and do not affect the survival rate of normal lymphocytes [59].…”

“…Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in plasma and is often used to carry a variety of drugs to meet various treatment requirements. After Arsalan et al used different concentrations of Co3O4 NPs to interact with HSA molecules, the fluorescence results show that high concentrations of Co3O4 NPs could change the quaternary structure of HSA but did not affect the natural structure of HAS [59].…”

Artificial engineering of the protein corona at bio-nano interfaces for improved cancer-targeted nanotherapy

“…Blood is often the first physiological environment that NPs interact with after intravenous injection, and plasma contains numerous proteins capable of interacting with NPs and forming a PC [5]. Proteins can be adsorbed to the NP surface in native or denatured forms depending on the inherent stability and hydrophobicity [6][7][8][9]. Some studies have demonstrated that NP-PC interactions regulated cellular targeting and uptake of therapeutic NPs while reducing the effects of unwanted NP cytotoxicity [4,10,11].…”

Influence of oxidation on the magnetism of small Co oxide clusters probed by Stern–Gerlach deflection

“…[1][2][3][4] In particular, Co oxides can be used as catalysts, 4,5 gas sensors, 6 and in the development of magnetic recording media. 7 Moreover, Co oxide nanoparticles are candidates to inhibit cancer cell growth 8,9 and have great potential as antimicrobial agents. 2,8 More specifically, there is a lot of interest in magnetic nanoparticles because they are promising candidates for diverse applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrahigh density data storage, and magneto-electric memory devices.…”

“…7 Moreover, Co oxide nanoparticles are candidates to inhibit cancer cell growth 8,9 and have great potential as antimicrobial agents. 2,8 More specifically, there is a lot of interest in magnetic nanoparticles because they are promising candidates for diverse applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrahigh density data storage, and magneto-electric memory devices. 10 Also, clusters with interesting properties could potentially be assembled into larger nanostructured materials.…”