<p>Dyslipidemia and Associated Factors in Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Based Regimen Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Ethiopian Patients: A Hospital-Based Observational Prospective Cohort Study</p>

Abstract

Background: Studies showed conflicting results regarding the effect of broadly used tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimen on lipid profiles, and in Ethiopia, there is no data regarding the magnitude of dyslipidemia and its associated factors. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in TDF-based regimen in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) in Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based observational prospective cohort study was conducted on conveniently selected 63 patients in TASH from January to September, 2019. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0, and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with dyslipidemia. Results: The overall dyslipidemia was 73% and 77.8% at baseline and six months, respectively. The prevalence of total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/d, triglyceride (TG) ≥150 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) ≥130 mg/dL, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) <40 mg/dL was 38.1% vs 42.9%, 23.8% vs 31.7%, 17.5% vs 22.2%, and 41.3% vs 41.3% at baseline and six month follow-up, respectively. Age ≥50 years old (AOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.004-0.71, p = 0.026) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m 2 (AOR = 6.44, 95% CI: 1.34-30.9, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with TC ≥200 mg/dL. Having cancer (AOR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.6, p = 0.019) and education level below diploma (AOR = 9.47, 95% CI: 1.15-77.96, p = 0.037) were significantly associated with overall dyslipidemia. Conclusion: In this study, the proportion of patients with dyslipidemia was higher at six month follow-up but there was no significant difference when compared to baseline. The mean LDL-c was significantly higher at six months compared to its baseline mean. The associated factors with dyslipidemia were age, BMI, having cancer and low level of education. Lipid profile monitoring is recommended in patients with a younger age and higher BMI.

Risk factors and longitudinal changes of dyslipidemia among adult Chinese HIV-1 Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

“…As previous studies demonstrated, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was distinct across various regions, owing to different populations and the evolution of HIV drug treatments. Our results showed that the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia is 69.3% upon enrollment, which raised to 84.3% after ART, with hypertriglyceridemia and decline in HDL-C being the most common abnormality, in line with other ndings in low-and middle -income countries [12,17]. In addition, atherogenic indexes consisting of lipid parameters like lg (TG/HDL-C), was found to be elevated more obviously.…”

“…Furthermore, the incidence and severity of dyslipidemia vary based on species of drugs [11]. Studies [5,[12][13][14] to date focused on prevalence and risk assessment of lipid metabolism disorders among patients with HIV were mostly carried out in European populations, while researches in undeveloped countries were limited in undeveloped countries either by length of follow-up or small sample size. Conclusions were inconsistent across researches on account of antiretroviral drug species and intrinsic differences in study population.…”

Treatment with β-blocker nebivolol ameliorates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

“…Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and CKD ( 11 ). Previous studies have shown that regular exposure to tenofovir leads to higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides ( 3 , 37 , 38 ). Similarly, our results demonstrated that tenofovir-treated rats presented dyslipidemia and treatment with nebivolol promoted a favorable effect on the lipid profile.…”

Dynamic changes of estimated glomerular filtration rate are conversely related to triglyceride in non-overweight patients

“…While there is increasing evidence supporting the regulation of lipid profiles by TDF[ 19 - 21 ], the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently, Suzuki et al [ 22 ] reported that TDF, but not ETV, reduced supernatant total CHOL, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG by up-regulating hepatic CD36 in HepG2 cells.…”