<p>Diabetes-Related Distress and Depression in Saudis with Type 2 Diabetes</p>

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM)-related distress and depression and their associated factors in Saudi people with type 2 DM (T2DM) in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. It also aims to assess the association between glycemic control and DM-related distress and depression. Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional study which recruited 300 Saudi patients with T2DM randomly from primary healthcare centers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. DM-related distress and depression were measured by valid questionnaires, the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Logistic regression and an independent t-test were performed in the statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the study population was 52.7 years, with a range of 23-83 years. The number of males was 147 (49%) and females was 153 (51%) in the study population. The prevalence of DM-related distress and depression in Saudi patients with T2DM in Jazan was 22.3% and 20%, respectively, and about 7.7% had both. Of DM-related distress, 12.3% had interpersonal-related DM distress, 11.7% had physician-related DM distress, 10.7% had emotional-related DM distress, and 7% had regimen-related DM distress. After adjusting for covariates, being female, patients aged <45, physical inactivity, DM duration <5 years, and smoking were significantly associated with DM-related distress and depression. There was also a significant association between DM-related distress and depression, OR = 3 [95% CI: 1.8, 6.4]. Furthermore, we found that glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels were significantly higher in those with DM-related distress (small effect size, eta squared = 0.04) and depression (moderate effect size, eta squared = 0.06) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: DM-related distress and depression are prevalent in patients with T2DM in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Both these conditions need to be screened for and addressed in clinical settings. Establishing the causality of DM-related distress and depression in T2DM is an important aim for any future studies.

Prevalence of Diabetes Related Distress and Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients Attending Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In the present study the overall prevalence of DRD among the participants was 118 (36.8%) in which the majority (101; 31.5%) were in moderate distress on a DDS-17 scale. This finding is relatively high in comparison with previous studies conducted in India (13.3%), 37 the Netherlands, 20 Taif, Saudi Arabia (25%), 38 Jazan, Saudi Arabia (22.3%) 15 and Thailand (8.9%). 34 The higher prevalence in the present study could be due to poor quality of diabetes care service, lower level of education, the measurement tool used to quantify the level of diabetic distress, and other forms of stressors.…”

“…The tool is a widely used and well-validated 17-item questionnaire that measures different diabetes related stressors. 13 , 15 Each question has six answer choices: 1 – no problem, 2 – slight problem, 3 – moderate problem, 4 – somewhat serious problem, 5 – a serious problem and 6 – a very serious problem. The questionnaire contains four domains: Emotional Burden (5 items: questions 1, 3, 8, 11, and 14); Physician related distress (4 items: questions 2, 4, 9, and 15); Regimen related distress (5 items: questions 5, 6, 10, 12, and 16); and Interpersonal related distress (3 items: questions 7, 13, and 17).…”

Co-morbidity and blood group type risk in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A case–control study

“…This case–control study was conducted on Saudi patients with COVID-19 in Jazan Region, located in southwestern Saudi Arabia and characterized by a relatively homogenous population with similar ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ].…”

Association between Depression, Antidepression Medications, and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

“…One group aimed to assess the prevalence of T2DM-related distress, glycemic control, and association with depression and their related factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. After adjusting for covariates, they found that female sex, age of <45 years, physical inactivity, DM duration of <5 years, and smoking were significantly associated with DM-related distress and depression [ 40 ]. Another study investigated the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in Taiwanese patients with T2DM.…”