<p>Depression and Coping Among COVID-19-Infected Individuals After 10 Days of Mandatory in-Hospital Quarantine, Irbid, Jordan</p>

Abstract

Background: In-hospital mandatory quarantine of asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19-infected individuals was part of the national control strategy used to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan. This study aims to evaluate depression, associated stressors, and various coping methods used among adult quarantined COVID-19-infected individuals. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all COVID-19-infected individuals who were obligatorily quarantined at King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan from March 15 to April 20, 2020. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire after 10 days of quarantine. In addition, several questions regarding the patients' sights with the health-care system, and coping methods were added. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and comorbidities were collected from the medical records. Results: Out of 91 quarantined COVID-19 patients, a total of 66 completed the survey, with a participation rate of 72.5%. The majority were relatively young; the mean ± SD age was 35.8 ± 16.2 years (range 18-79), 59.1% were females and 47% were asymptomatic. A considerable proportion of patients (44%) reported symptoms of depression, with 21% were at high risk of major depressive disorder. Depression symptoms were significantly more common among females than males [PHQ-9 score ≥10: 13 (92.9%) vs 1 (7.1%), respectively; p=0.004]. The majority of patients (71.2%) reported having problems with health-care services. Insufficient involvement in making treatment decisions was the most commonly reported concern (59.1%). Patients who reported problems in maintaining privacy, reaching out to their physicians, or receiving conflicting information from the medical staff, had more symptoms of depression compared with the satisfied ones (p<0.05). On the other hand, those who were receiving sufficient support from the family, friends, or medical staff during quarantine, were less likely to have depression symptoms (p<0.05). Furthermore, symptoms of depression were less in patients who stayed in touch with others using phone calls, texting, or social media (p=0.024). Conclusion: Symptoms of depression were common among both symptomatic and asymptomatic quarantined COVID-19 patients. The support of family, friends, and medical staff was an essential alleviating factor. Facilitating adequate communication may promote the mental well-being of COVID-19-infected patients and help in reducing the risk of depression during the in-hospital quarantine.

Psychometric Analysis for fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and its association with depression in patients with diabetes: A cross sectional study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Karachi, Pakistan

“…The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had also reported that fear and anxiety of COVID-19 patients can be overwhelming about their health [ 18 ]. Psychological disorders such as symptoms of depression are more likely to developed due to lack of clarity about different risk levels including privacy concerns, treatment plans and difficulty in approaching to physician [ 19 , 20 ]. We are also in agreement with previous studies that showed unclear statement as “to whether being depressed heightens the fear concerning COVID-19 or whether the fear concerning COVID-19 heightens depression (or both)” [ 21 ].…”

The relationship between depression and metabolic control parameters in type 2 diabetic patients: A cross‐sectional and feasibility interventional study

“…PHQ‐9 is a self‐administered questionnaire composed of nine items that screens and grades the severity of depressive symptoms based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) 31 . After completing the questionnaire, each item was scored as follows (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half of the days, 3 = nearly every day) and the total score was calculated, with higher total scores indicating patients’ increased depression severity 32 . According to Kroenke et al, 33 the PHQ‐9 can be scored either by using an algorithm or a cut‐off point 33 .…”

Viral Clearance Course of COVID-19 Outbreaks

“…Clinical Specimens for COVID-19 diagnostic testing were collected and analyzed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. 8 Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by trained medical staff (physicians and nurses) and tested for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The first viral detection test was performed upon admission of the patient.…”

“…Data regarding viral shedding, incubation period and possible predictors of negative conversion among COVID-19 patients are scarce, particularly in asymptomatic or mildly affected cases, which constitute the vast majority of COVID-19 presentation; as few studies conducted frequent testing and close monitoring to COVID-19 cases. [1][2][3][4] Furthermore, asymptomatic and mild cases are usually quarantined without conducting sequential surveillance of virology profiles. During the early phase of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan, the ministry of health initially launched a series of aggressive measures to contain the disease spread by isolating and forcing a mandatory quarantine of all laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 cases, including asymptomatic ones, in designated hospitals.…”