<p>Chlorhexidine Nanoemulsion: A New Antiseptic Formulation</p>

Abstract

Introduction: Nanoparticle solutions have been studied to improve antimicrobial effect. The aim of this study was to develop, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antiseptic efficacy of 0.25% aqueous-based chlorhexidine nanoemulsion (NM-Cl 0.25% w/v). Methods: The NM-Cl 0.25% w/v (2.5mg/mL) and free chlorhexidine nanoemulsion (FCN; same composition of NM-Cl without the molecule of chlorhexidine) were synthetized by the spontaneous emulsification method. Characterization analyses of physical and chemical properties were performed. The NM-Cl 0.25% w/v was compared with chlorhexidine 0.5% alcohol base (CS-Cl 0.5%) in vitro studies (microdilution study and kill curve study), and in vivo study (antisepsis of rats dorsum). Kruskal-Wallis test was used between groups and inside the same group, at different sample times and the Mann-Whitney test was performed when difference was detected. Results: The NM-Cl 0.25% w/v presented adequate physicochemical characteristics for a nanoemulsion, revealing a more basic pH than FCN and difference between zeta potential of NM-Cl 0.25% w/v and FCN. The NM-Cl 0.25% w/v and CS-Cl 0.5% solutions were more effective on Gram-positive than on Gram-negative bacteria (p≤0.05). NM-Cl 0.25% w/v presented upper antiseptic effect in the microdilution study and residual antiseptic effect was maintained for a longer time when compared to CS-Cl 0.5% (kill curve study). The four-fold (minimal inhibitory concentration) of NM-Cl 0.25% were the formulations with most durable effect within those tested, presenting residual effect until T6 for both bacteria. In the in vivo study, both formulations (NM-Cl 0.25% w/v and CS-Cl 0.5%) had a reduction of the microorganisms in the skin of the rats (p<0.0001) not revealing any difference between the formulations at different times, showing the antiseptic effect of NM-Cl (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that NM-Cl showed promising future as an antiseptic for cutaneous microbiota.

Multifunctional properties of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesis by Fusarium pseudonygamai

“…The peak sizes also fall within the range that reveals the quantity of substance present. Advanced software algorithms make this spectroscopy a great tool for quantitative analysis [77]. The metal-oxygen resonance is responsible for the peaks inside the area between 400 and 700 cm −1 of the FT-IR spectrum seen in Fig.…”

Testing of a Potentially Used Antiseptic Consists of Povidon Iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide and Aloe Vera

“…It is sometimes applied to the skin as a liquid or a powder and it may be used to treat instantaneous infections as well as preventing the spread of opportunistic diseases. Povidone-iodine or Betadine is Polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) a chemical that is widely used as an antiseptic [5]. It consists of molecular iodine and polyvinylpyrrolidone that give it the yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colour.…”

“…The presence of the acidic medium helps shift the reaction to form molecular iodine (I2) to become the dominant formula at low pH values [6]. According to the Pharmacopoeia, pH of povidone-iodine must be between (1.5 -5), but the optimal range is between (3)(4)(5)(6). This range of pH is essential for obtaining the best efficacy of povidoneiodine, and also it ensures the stability of iodine in its complex, i.e.…”

Nanoemulsions for enhanced skin permeation and controlled delivery of chlorohexidine digluconate

“…Subsequently, commensal microorganisms inhabiting the deeper layers of the skin, may infect the site of incision during surgical interventions, and/ or contaminate invasive medical devices, limiting the effectiveness of CHG as a skin antiseptic. Additionally, some studies have been published that indicate the possibility of resistance development concerning wide use of CHG in hospitals and other clinical settings (Cieplik et al 2019, Russell and Path 1986, Risso et al 2020. All these factors necessitate the development of an effective carrier system or bisbiguanide that shows antimicrobial activity bisbiguanide that shows antimicrobial activity positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as lipophilic viruses negative bacteria as well as lipophilic viruses…”

“…These nanoformulations have shown promising antimicrobial properties, as evident from their effectiveness as coating material for dental implants, or treatment of biofilmassociated oral diseases. More recently, a surge of interest has been noted in the development of nanoemulsion-based formulations of CHG for oral and topical applications (Abdelmonem et al 2019, Risso et al 2020. Nanoemulsions are fine oil-in-water or water-in-oil dispersions that are stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant molecules .…”