<p>Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acid combined with vitamin D3 versus vitamin D3 alone on estradiol levels: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in females with vitamin D deficiency</p>

Abstract

Purpose: Outcomes investigating the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) and omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3FA) on serum estradiol (E2) are scarce and conflicting. No previous study has investigated the effect of VD3 combination with Omega-3FA on E2 levels. This study was designed to investigate the effect of VD3, Omega-3FA and VD3 plus Omega-3FA on serum E2 levels in premenopausal females diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly, 300 mg Omega-3FA taken daily and their combination by the study participants for 8 weeks. The mid-follicular serum levels of E2 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) were assessed at 8 weeks. The study was conducted during winter on a convenience sample of healthy premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Fasting serum levels for 25OHD and E2 were assessed at baseline and the end of the trial (after 8 weeks). Data were entered into SPSS and analyzed. Results: Healthy premenopausal Jordanian females (N=86) with diagnosed VDD, mean age 32.8±8.9 years, were recruited into the study. Supplementation of VD3 alone resulted in a significant increase in serum 25OHD (13.4±7.9-28.2±7.1 ng/mL, P<0.001) and a significant decrease in E2 levels (85.7±16.5-60.3±20.6 pg/mL, P=0.001). Omega-3FA intake led to a significant decrease in serum 25OHD levels (21.2±12.8-13.6±9.2 ng/mL, P=0.001) and a significant increase in E2 levels (56.3±19.2-78.4±23.7 pg/mL, P=0.006). Combination therapy (VD3 plus Omega-3FA) resulted in a significant increase in both 25OHD (12.0±4.7-35.1±9.5 ng/mL, P<0.001) and E2 (43.0±23.4-57.3±31.5 pg/mL, P=0.028) levels. Conclusion: Results of this study provide vital insight into the effects of D3, Omega-3FA and a combination of their supplementation on premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Eight weeks of therapy led to decreased E2 level by VD3 and increased level by Omega-3FA supplementation. With regard to 25OHD, its level was increased by VD3 and decreased by Omega-3FA supplementation. Combination of VD3 plus Omega-3FA increased the levels of both E2 and 25OHD. Trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03333564.

<p>Correlation of selected stress associated factors with vitamin D deficiency in Jordanian men and women</p>

“…To our knowledge this work is the first to describe VDD and CORT as a stress hormone in a representative sample of Jordanian university students and older adults from both genders, despite controversial results on an association of low VD levels with CORT overproduction. 25,26 To some extent our findings were similar to study results that showed a negative correlation between VD and CORT levels in 55 Italian athletes. 26,27 Further, GC may increases the risk of preeclampsia via diminishing VD3 15 The same association was studied in a reverse way where vitamin D3 supplements suppressed HPA-axis activity.…”

“…The total number participants who were approached to participate in the study was 407, among which 36 were excluded because their VD levels were within normal values (≥30 ng/mL). 25 The same criteria for medical diagnosis of VDD are widely adopted in clinical diagnostics and trials. The remaining 371 participants composed the final sample that included in the analyses as shown in the schematic diagram of the study design ( Figure 1).…”

“…The same method of calculation has been used in a previous study conducted on Jordanian women with VDD in ASU 25 using research advisor's calculator Furthermore, the total number of participants for this study was in accordance with the number of participants recruited in similar recent randomized controlled trials involving females with VDD. 25 Clinical parameters assays…”

Vitamin D Deficiency Among Afghan Adolescents in Kabul

“…It has been suggested that Omega-3 intake is positively associated with vitamin D status. 21 This study also ratified the same.…”

<p>Combined Effect Of Coffee Consumption And Cigarette Smoking On Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, And Lipid Profile In Young Male: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>

“…Fasting blood samples were collected in 5-mL serum tubes with a clot activator (VACUETTE ® Z Serum [Sep] Clot Activator; GBO) from the participants at 8 a.m.. Then, the samples were stored at room temperature for around 45-60 mins, after which they were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 mins. Aliquots of at least 1 mL of serum were measured into Eppendorf tubes 25 and stored at −20°C until the time of their assay. One Touch ® test strips (LifeScan; Johnson & Johnson, Palmitas, CA, USA) were used to measure the levels of FBG, TG, TC, and HDL-C were determined using enzymatic colorimetric kits (Linear Chemicals, Barcelona, Spain).…”