<p>Alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing and oral health associations with hypopharyngeal cancer among men in Central South China: a case–control study</p>

Abstract

Background: Hypopharyngeal cancer has relatively high incidence rates in China, especially in high-risk areas. However, data on the role of major risk factors in these areas of China are still limited. Methods: We have evaluated the roles of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid consumption, and oral health, based on 278 hypopharyngeal cancer cases and 693 controls from two centers in Central South China. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values were estimated using logistic regression. Results: We found that alcohol drinkers had a risk of hypopharyngeal cancer that was up to seven times higher than that for those who had never drunk. A very strong effect of traditional liquor as compared to other alcohol types was observed, with the OR reaching 11.26 (CI 6.53-19.41) for this cancer. Tobacco smokers were up to four times more likely to develop hypopharyngeal cancer than never smokers. The OR for betel quid chewing was 1.86 (CI 1.26-2.75) as compared to never users. Poor oral hygiene had a risk of hypopharyngeal cancer that was two times higher than that for normal oral hygiene. Conclusion: In this study, we have shown for what is believed to be the first time the association of increased hypopharyngeal cancer incidence with alcohol, tobacco, betel quid and oral hygiene in China. Alcohol may play a larger role for hypopharyngeal cancer in this population than in populations in other areas.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival in patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with primary surgery

“… 7 – 10 Other factors, including the use of tobacco and alcohol, are also closely related to prognosis in head and neck cancers, and data for these factors were lacking in the SEER database. 23 , 24 Second, the predictive accuracy of the nomogram was moderate (C-index: 0.705–0.723 in the training group and 0.681–0.736 in the validation group), which suggests that many potential risk factors have not been included. Recently, studies have shown that gene patterns, PD-L1, and the immune microenvironment can also reflect the prognosis of HSCC.…”

Hypopharyngeal Cancer: Epidemiological, Clinical and Paraclinical Aspects at the University Hospital Center (CHU) Gabriel Toure in Bamako

“…Tobacco and alcohol remain the main contributors [5] [6]. We noted 13 cases or 37% and the link was not statistically significant (p = 0.2).…”

Risk Reversal of Oral, Pharyngeal and Oesophageal Cancers after Cessation of Betel Quid Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of these 10 were further excluded (nine for reporting only on cancers of other sites and one for including overlapping study population) (Supplementary Figure 1). Thus, the present SRMA included a total of 14 studies – seven studies including separate risk estimates for current and former users of BQ-T (four providing estimates for oral cancer [ 6 7 8 9 ], three for pharyngeal [ 8 9 10 ] and two for oesophageal cancer [ 11 12 ]) and seven reports of BQ+T cessation and oral cancer [ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ]. Two studies included both oral and pharyngeal cancers in the outcome variable [ 8 9 ], and hence, the number of studies included in the SRMA for BQ-T was seven.…”

“…Of the four studies on BQ-T and oral cancer, three were reported from Taiwan [ 6 8 9 ] and one from Papua New Guinea [ 7 ]. Two studies on pharyngeal cancer [ 8 9 ] and both reports on oesophageal cancer [ 11 12 ] were conducted in Taiwan while one study on pharyngeal cancer [ 10 ] was reported from southern China. All seven studies were case-control in design, Majority of the studies included only or predominantly male subjects.…”