&lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Cyclospora&lt;/i&gt; infection transmission by swimming

Ghimire, Tirth Raj; Ghimire, LV; Shahu, RK; Mishra, P. N.

doi:10.3126/joim.v32i1.4003

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In this country, in addition to public health, Cyclospora spp. have been reported to be critical for veterinary health because it has been isolated from both domestic and street dogs, chicken in ecozonal region near forest areas, and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) wandering via the forest region (25), red panda in community forest (8) and goats brought for meat purposes from different areas (9), one or more of hosts like mice, rats, dogs, and chicken (2,26,27) although Cyclospora in domestic animals and birds were not detected previously (2,28). In addition to this Himalayan country, this coccidian has been reported in cattle from China (5), calf from Japan (29), monkeys from China (7,30), Ethiopia (31), and captive primates from Europe (32) although no reports on the stool of various cattle, birds, and wild animals from Haiti (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First record of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium species in the Himalayan Goral {Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825)} from Nepal

Adhikari¹,

Adhikari²,

Bhattarai³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Objectives: This study was carried out to detect the various gastrointestinal parasites in the fecal samples of the Himalayan goral Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825) from a forest patch of Rumsi area, the Seti River basin, Tanahun district, Nepal. Results: A total of 17 fecal samples (89.47%) were positive for different parasites in which the prevalence of protozoa was 52.63%, and that of helminths was 73.68%. The positive rates of different parasites showed the following orders as Entamoeba spp. (52.63%), Spirocerca spp. (52.63%), Angiostrongylus (36.84%), Cryptosporidium (26.31%), Cyclospora (26.31%), Strongyle (26.31%), Eimeria (10.52%), Trichostrongylus (10.52%), Muellerius capillaris (10.52%), and Blastocystis (5.26%). Although all of the above parasites are firstly reported from the fecal samples of goral in Nepal, the presence of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium species suggests that these coccidia may directly affect the survival of the Himalayan goral. Further molecular evidences of causal association with Cyclosporiasis and Cryptosporidiosis should be established in these animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First record of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium species in the Himalayan Goral {Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825)} from Nepal

Adhikari¹,

Adhikari²,

Bhattarai³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Insects, mice, birds may act as the mechanical vectors to carry oocysts from point sources to swimming pools. Another possibility is the transmission of coccidia by carrier swimmers through their anal parts (Ghimire et al, 2010).…”

Section: Transmission Through Swimming Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal

Paudyal

Shrestha

Mahato

2013

Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol

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This article reviews cryptosporidiosis, a common protozoan disease in humans and animals in Nepal, acquired by ingestion of oocysts that were excreted in the feces of infected individuals. Contaminated water represents the major source of Cryptosporidium infections for humans and can be transmitted from person-to-person, from animal-to-person, animal-to-animal, by ingestion of contaminated water and food or by contact with contaminated surfaces. Being highly resistant to environmental and chemical processes and representing the only group of pathogen surviving chlorination, it has no effective chemotherapy identified for the treatment which makes cryptosporidiosis a debilitating and persistent disease with high potential of transmission among immune-compromised ones like children and AIDS patients. Various reports have been documented for potential transmission of the oocyst among humans and animals in Nepal through common niche like river water, tap water sources and also from wild animals through the interaction on buffer zones. Literatures reported prevalence rate of 16 % in Children, 11% in HIV infected patients in case of human; whereas, 14% in Calves, 19% in buffaloes and 12.5% in swamp deer in case of animals in Nepal. In conclusion, the persistent shedding of oocysts by reservoir hosts like calves, kids, poultry and wild animals like deer and monkeys possess great threat to the transmission to general public. The epidemiological studies of cryptosporidium and the knowledge of the pattern of the disease outbreak can guide therapy and effective preventive measures against this disease.

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“…Swimming is one of the favourite leisure activities of people in tropical countries, especially during the warmer seasons. However, this practice can expose people to a variety of infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and pathogenic protozoa that may be present in the water (Ghimire, Ghimire, Shaku, & Mishra, 2010; Lam, Sivaramalingam, & Gangodawilage, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmagondii oocysts, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil

Pineda

Leal

Fiúza

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The accidental ingestion of treated recreational water is an important transmission route of waterborne protozoa worldwide. The present study aimed to provide the first evaluation of swimming pools in Brazil, analysing the presence of pathogenic protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) by parasitological and molecular methods. A total of 57 samples were collected from 21 public swimming pools, either directly from the pool or filter backwash water and concentrated using the membrane filtration technique. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay after purification by immunomagnetic separation. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were detected by autofluorescence visualization using the supernatant discarded during the purification step as a sample. Positive samples were submitted to molecular analysis. The molecular markers were used: SSU-rRNA, tpi, gdh and bg, for Giardia DNA amplification, and 18S rRNA gene fragment amplification was used for the Cryptosporidium oocysts. The 529-bp repeat element (REP529) fragment and the 35-fold repetitive B1 gene were employed as a target for T. gondii. Amplified products were submitted to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Giardia cysts were detected in 19.0% and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 9.5% of swimming pools. In one swimming pool (4.7%), both protozoa were detected on at least one occasion. Structures similar to T. gondii oocysts were detected in 33.3% of the samples, ranging from one to 23 per slide. Giardia was confirmed by DNA amplification in three swimming pools; Giardia duodenalis Assemblage A was identified by the phylogenetic positioning of the β-giardin gene. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 14.2% of swimming pools. The present study represents the first report of the occurrence of T. gondii oocysts in swimming pools. Recreational activity in swimming pools contaminated by chlorine-resistant protozoa can represent a high risk of infection for bathers and swimmers.

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<i>Cryptosporidium</i> and <i>Cyclospora</i> infection transmission by swimming

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

First record of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium species in the Himalayan Goral {Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825)} from Nepal

First record of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium species in the Himalayan Goral {Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825)} from Nepal

Zoonotic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in Nepal

Toxoplasmagondii oocysts, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil

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