LSD Use and Flashbacks in Alcoholic Patients

Batzer, Wayne B.; Ditzler, Thomas F.; Brown, Christopher

doi:10.1300/j069v18n02_06

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Thus, our findings does not support either the idea of “flashbacks” described in extreme cases as recurrent psychotic episodes, hallucinations, or panic attacks, or the more recent “hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder” (HPPD) described as persistent visual phenomena with accompanying anxiety and distress. All of the purported symptoms of HPPD are also present in people who have never used psychedelics [42], [43]. Occasional visual phenomena are common in the general population [44], [45], especially among people with anxiety disorders [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interviews with 120 adults in the US complaining of persistent visual symptoms found that only 5% had ever used LSD (in comparison, over 10% of the general US adult population has used LSD [4]) and there did not seem to be any relationship between drug use and visual symptoms [47]. Only two small studies have reported higher rates of visual symptoms in LSD users compared to non-users [42], [43]. Both studies had serious methodological problems: participants in both studies were psychiatric inpatients who knew that the purpose of the studies was to document harms from LSD; the LSD group and the control groups were not matched on other drug use or psychiatric diagnosis; and in the first study several of the people included in the LSD group were later found to have epilepsy, panic, anxiety, affective disorder, or temporoparietal abnormalities that may be related to visual symptoms [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study

2013

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BackgroundThe classical serotonergic psychedelics LSD, psilocybin, mescaline are not known to cause brain damage and are regarded as non-addictive. Clinical studies do not suggest that psychedelics cause long-term mental health problems. Psychedelics have been used in the Americas for thousands of years. Over 30 million people currently living in the US have used LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the lifetime use of psychedelics and current mental health in the adult population.MethodData drawn from years 2001 to 2004 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health consisted of 130,152 respondents, randomly selected to be representative of the adult population in the United States. Standardized screening measures for past year mental health included serious psychological distress (K6 scale), mental health treatment (inpatient, outpatient, medication, needed but did not receive), symptoms of eight psychiatric disorders (panic disorder, major depressive episode, mania, social phobia, general anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and non-affective psychosis), and seven specific symptoms of non-affective psychosis. We calculated weighted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables, use of illicit drugs, risk taking behavior, and exposure to traumatic events.Results21,967 respondents (13.4% weighted) reported lifetime psychedelic use. There were no significant associations between lifetime use of any psychedelics, lifetime use of specific psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote), or past year use of LSD and increased rate of any of the mental health outcomes. Rather, in several cases psychedelic use was associated with lower rate of mental health problems.ConclusionWe did not find use of psychedelics to be an independent risk factor for mental health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study

2013

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“…According to literature, it is prudent not to use the diagnosis of HPPD in cases where current or previous use of an illicit drug may be contributing to the disturbances in perception. Although there have been case reports of alcohol, cannabis or cocaine presenting with HPPD-like symptoms (Batzer et al 1999;Gaillard & Borruat, 2003), the person in our case report was not using alcohol, cannabis, cocaine or ecstasy actively (to the extent of substance use disorder) at the time of onset of these symptoms. Furthermore, our patient did not have any similar symptoms when she smoked cannabis in her teenage and did not have her first episode until she used LSD.…”

Section: Case Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Improvement of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) with oral risperidone: case report

Subramanian¹,

Doran

2013

Ir. j. psychol. Med.

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We describe a 38-year-old woman who developed symptoms of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) after using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) once and continued to have symptoms of HPPD for nearly 17 years, although she did not use LSD after her first use. The symptoms of HPPD were temporally related to her first LSD use and she responded well to risperidone within a few weeks of commencing on the same. Although different medications have been tried in the management of HPPD including risperidone, olanzapine, clonidine, fluoxetine, sertraline, benzodiazepines and anti-epileptic medications, none have been proven to be the definitive medication of choice in the treatment of HPPD. Furthermore, there have been case reports suggesting worsening of symptoms with risperidone; however, the response to risperidone in our patient suggests the possibility of its effectiveness in the management of HPPD symptoms in some patients.

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“…The above mentioned type (1) symptoms may meet DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria A of HPPD. There is a slight prevalence of HPPD; for example, 9 of 110 LSD users (8%) exhibited specific visual phenomena, as described in DSM-III-R [63].…”

Section: Characteristics Symptoms and Etiology Of Psychedelic Drug Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological and Molecular Bases of Methamphetamine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Spontaneous Recurrence of Methamphetamine Psychosis, and its Implication in Schizophrenia

Yui¹,

Kajii²,

Nishikawa

2006

CPSR

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Spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine-or amphetamine-induced paranoid hallucinatory psychosis (i.e., flashbacks) occasionally occurs in response to non-specific mild stress in drug-free patients with a history of methamphetamine-or amphetamine-induced psychosis. Stress sensitization associated with noradrenergic hyperactivity and increased dopamine release may be related to this flashbacks. Stressful frightening experiences as well as fear-related paranoid-hallucinatory states during methamphetamine use may be related to these stress sensitization. Robust noradrenergic hyperactivity with increased dopamine release may predicts subsequent flashback episodes. Schizophrenia-like symptoms (e.g., passivity phenomena, Gedankenlautwerden, and thought disorder such as circumstantiality and egorrhea symptoms) appear to develop related to dopaminergic hyperactivity. One of the dopamine receptor-encoding genes DRD2, TaqIA A1/A1 type, with which reduced density of the D2 receptor is associated, reduces to the risk of development of flashbacks.Stress sensitization has been proposed as a key step in the progression from vulnerability to an overt paranoidhallucinatory states, so that schizophrenia and flashbacks due to previous methamphetamine psychosis shares common underlying mechanisms of stress sensitization. Compared to flashbacks due to previous methamphetamine psychosis, psychedelic drug flashbacks are the recurrence of a perception learned while an individual is experiencing high anxiety levels, and thus recur in anxiety-related situations. Anxiety or fear during drug use is an important factor in the development of flashbacks due to previous methamphetamine psychosis and also psychedelic drug flashbacks.Dopaminergic and glutamatergic neural circuits including the striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex play an important role in the development of psychostimulant-induced long-lasting behavioral sensitization. Immediate early genes expression in the particular brain regions affected by the psychostimulants is involved in this process. Furthermore, recent advances in molecular analysis could shed light on the fundamental mechanism involved, by identifying specific participating molecules such as delta FosB, NAC1, G-protein b1 subunit and methamphetamine-responsive transcript 1b.

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LSD Use and Flashbacks in Alcoholic Patients

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study

Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study

Improvement of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) with oral risperidone: case report

Neurobiological and Molecular Bases of Methamphetamine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Spontaneous Recurrence of Methamphetamine Psychosis, and its Implication in Schizophrenia

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