LPWAN-based hybrid backhaul communication for intelligent transportation systems: architecture and performance evaluation

Abstract

Increased number of the vehicles on the streets around the world has led to several problems including traffic congestion, emissions, and huge fuel consumption in many regions. With advances in wireless and traffic technologies, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been introduced as a viable solution for solving these problems by implementing more efficient use of the current infrastructures. In this paper, the possibility of using cellular-based Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) communications, LTE-M and NB-IoT, for ITS applications has been investigated. LTE-M and NB-IoT are designed to provide long range, low power and low cost communication infrastructures and can be a promising option which has the potential to be employed immediately in real systems. In this paper, we have proposed an architecture to employ the LPWAN as a backhaul infrastructure for ITS and to understand the feasibility of the proposed model, two applications with low and high delay requirements have been examined: road traffic monitoring and emergency vehicle management. Then, the performance of using LTE-M and NB-IoT for providing backhaul communication infrastructure has been evaluated in a realistic simulation environment and compared for these two scenarios in terms of end-to-end latency per user. Simulation of Urban MObility has been used for realistic traffic generation and a Python-based program has been developed for evaluation of the communication system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of using LPWAN for ITS backhaul infrastructure mostly in favor of the LTE-M over NB-IoT.

Future Industrial Applications: Exploring LPWAN-Driven IoT Protocols

“…The cellular LPWAN architectures LTE-M and NB-IoT have been used by ITS applications to meet the challenges mentioned earlier. Also, LTE-M and NB-IoT are appropriate for providing backhaul infrastructure for ITS applications [ 95 ]. NB-IoT and LTE-M are the best suited for these applications because of their diversity, range, QoS, and low latency [ 95 ].…”

“…Also, LTE-M and NB-IoT are appropriate for providing backhaul infrastructure for ITS applications [ 95 ]. NB-IoT and LTE-M are the best suited for these applications because of their diversity, range, QoS, and low latency [ 95 ]. In particular, a smart parking management system was developed using NB-IoT to mitigate the high power consumption and high deployment costs of wireless networks.…”

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“…However, although specific applications can tolerate jitter, delay, or unreliability, others cannot. Therefore, based on the IEEE 802.11p standard, other standards have been created in the 5.9 GHz band for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [58].…”

“…The cellular LPWAN architectures LTE-M and NB-IoT have been used by ITS applications to meet the challenges mentioned earlier. Also, LTE-M and NB-IoT are appropriate for providing backhaul infrastructure for ITS applications [58]. NB-IoT and LTE-M are the best suited for these applications because of their diversity, range, QoS, and low latency [58].…”

“…Also, LTE-M and NB-IoT are appropriate for providing backhaul infrastructure for ITS applications [58]. NB-IoT and LTE-M are the best suited for these applications because of their diversity, range, QoS, and low latency [58]. However, LoRaWAN, an LPWAN solution, is inappropriate for these applications [16].…”