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Identifying high spreading power nodes is an interesting problem in social networks. Finding super spreader nodes becomes an arduous task when the nodes appear in large numbers, and the number of existing links becomes enormous among them. One of the methods that is used for identifying the nodes is to rank them based on k-shell decomposition. Nevertheless, one of the disadvantages of this method is that it assigns the same rank to the nodes of a shell. Another disadvantage of this method is that only one indicator is fairly used to rank the nodes. k-Shell is an approach that is used for ranking separate spreaders, yet it does not have enough efficiency when a group of nodes with maximum spreading needs to be selected; therefore, this method, alone, does not have enough efficiency. Accordingly, in this study a hybrid method is presented to identify the super spreaders based on k-shell measure. Afterwards, a suitable method is presented to select a group of superior nodes in order to maximize the spread of influence. Experimental results on seven complex networks show that our proposed methods outperforms other well-known measures and represents comparatively more accurate performance in identifying the super spreader nodes.

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Recently an increasing amount of research is devoted to the question of how the most influential nodes (seeds) can be found effectively in a complex network. There are a number of measures proposed for this purpose, for instance, high-degree centrality measure reflects the importance of the network topology and has a reasonable runtime performance to find a set of nodes with highest degree, but they do not have a satisfactory dissemination potentiality in the network due to having many common neighbors ($\mbox{CN}^{(1)}$) and common neighbors of neighbors ($\mbox{CN}^{(2)}$). This flaw holds in other measures as well. In this paper, we compare high-degree centrality measure with other well-known measures using ten datasets in order to find a proportion for the common seeds in the seed sets obtained by them. We, thereof, propose an improved high-degree centrality measure (named DegreeDistance) and improve it to enhance accuracy in two phases, FIDD and SIDD, by putting a threshold on the number of common neighbors of already-selected seed nodes and a non-seed node which is under investigation to be selected as a seed as well as considering the influence score of seed nodes directly or through their common neighbors over the non-seed node. To evaluate the accuracy and runtime performance of DegreeDistance, FIDD, and SIDD, they are applied to eight large-scale networks and it finally turns out that SIDD dramatically outperforms other well-known measures and evinces comparatively more accurate performance in identifying the most influential nodes.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables . . . accepted for publication in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Application

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