“…Interestingly, IL-4 and IL-10 deficiency was necessary to reverse the obstructing effect of H. polygyrus infection on the CD8 + T cell response toward Toxoplasma (Marple et al, 2017). The majority of co-infection studies despite being protozoan, viral or bacterial infection, have focused on infections with helminth first due to their ability to downmodulate immune responses (Rousseau et al, 1997; Liesenfeld et al, 2004; Chen et al, 2005, 2006; Graham et al, 2005; Su et al, 2005, 2014a,b; Weng et al, 2007; Khan et al, 2008; Noland et al, 2008; Miller et al, 2009; Frantz et al, 2010; Dias et al, 2011; Potian et al, 2011; Kolbaum et al, 2012; du Plessis et al, 2013; Osborne et al, 2014; Budischak et al, 2015; Coomes et al, 2015; Gondorf et al, 2015; Rafi et al, 2015; Obieglo et al, 2016). In light of the fact, that Th2 immunity against helminths is an ongoing challenge in humans and livestock, we aimed to investigate how a previous protozoan infection affects the development of Th2 responses in CD4 + T cells and protection against helminths.…”