Low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater: removal of enteric pathogen indicators and antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Removal and Inactivation of Nonenveloped and Enveloped Virus Surrogates by Conventional Coagulation and Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum and Iron

“…Electrolysis during our iron electrocoagulation experiments generated 0.18 mM Fe­(II) along with 19 μM H 2 O 2 attributed to the cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen (accompanied by dissolved oxygen depleting from 265 to 225 μM). The simultaneous presence of Fe­(II) and H 2 O 2 (and dissolved oxygen) strongly implies the initiation of electro-Fenton reactions that generate reactive oxygen species like • OH and oxoiron (IV), , which are capable of inactivating viruses. , This phenomenon can also be exploited to mitigate bacteria and oxidize recalcitrant contaminants , via iron electrocoagulation, notwithstanding electrode passivation …”

“…The simultaneous presence of Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 (and dissolved oxygen) strongly implies the initiation of electro-Fenton reactions that generate reactive oxygen species like • OH and oxoiron (IV), 30,31 which are capable of inactivating viruses. 32,69 This phenomenon can also be exploited to mitigate bacteria 70 and oxidize recalcitrant contaminants 29,31 via iron electrocoagulation, notwithstanding electrode passivation. 71…”

A critical review on the existing wastewater treatment methods in the COVID-19 era: What is the potential of advanced oxidation processes in combatting viral especially SARS-CoV-2?

“…Conventional coagulation (CC) and electrocoagulation (EC) have been extensively studied in the removal of heavy metals, organic matter, pathogens, and other contaminants from wastewater [93] , [94] , [95] , [96] , [97] , [98] . The EC process requires less coagulant and, consequently, produces less sludge than the CC.…”

Improved Degradation Efficiency of Levofloxacin by a Self-Powered Electrochemical System with Pulsed Direct-Current

“…As a typical kind of fluoroquinolone antibiotic, levofloxacin (OFL) has been widely utilized to cure respiratory and bacterial infections in humans and animals. − Nevertheless, OFL can only be partially metabolized in humans and animals, and most of OFL is excreted into the environment in the form of urine and feces . Previous studies have reported that OFL residue is the most common antibiotic in aquatic environments, − which can lead to chronic toxicity and antibiotic resistant bacteria, and thus may pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystem. − In recent years, various electrochemical technologies including electrocoagulation, , electro-Fenton, electrolytic oxidation, and electrocatalytic oxidation had been developed to treat organic pollutants such as antibiotics. Among these technologies, the electro-Fenton process has caused great concern because of the merits of environmentally friendly and strong oxidation. , However, the development of electro-Fenton on a large scale is largely limited by external power supply and the effect of electrode passivation .…”

“…4 Previous studies have reported that OFL residue is the most common antibiotic in aquatic environments, 5−7 which can lead to chronic toxicity and antibiotic resistant bacteria, and thus may pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystem. 8−10 In recent years, various electrochemical technologies including electrocoagulation, 11,12 electro-Fenton, 13 electrolytic oxidation, 14 and electrocatalytic oxidation 15 had been developed to treat organic pollutants such as antibiotics. Among these technologies, the electro-Fenton process has caused great concern because of the merits of environmentally friendly and strong oxidation.…”