Low virulent oral Candida albicans strains isolated from smokers

Izidoro, Ana Claudia Santos de Azevedo; Semprebom, Andressa Marafon; Baboni, Fernanda Brasil; Rosa, Rosimeire Takaki; Machado, Maria Ângela Naval; Samaranayake, LP; Rosa, Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.016

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The precise carriage rate of oral Candida species in healthy individuals has been difficult to estimate; however, a range from 17% to 75% has been reported (2). Various factors that govern the rate of oral candidal carriage include increasing age, female sex, immunosuppression, steroid therapy and tabagism have been reported to augment oral candidal colonisation (1–8). It has been proposed that contents of tobacco (such as nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polonium, nitrosodietheinal amine and nitrosoprolin) act as nutrients for Candida species thereby facilitating their proliferation (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka‐chewers and non‐chewers

Javed¹,

Tenenbaum²,

Nogueira-Filho³

et al. 2012

International Wound Journal

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Oral Candida colonisation is higher in tobacco smokers as compared to non-smokers; however, it remains unknown whether smokeless tobacco chewers are susceptible to increased oral Candida colonisation. The aim was to determine the oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers in a cohort from Karachi, Pakistan. Forty-five gutka-chewers and 45 non-chewers were included. Information regarding age, sex, duration of gutka-chewing habit, daily frequency of gutka consumption, duration of holding gutka in the mouth, daily frequency of tooth-brushing and tongue brushing was collected using a questionnaire. Oral yeast samples were collected by scraping the dorsum of the tongue and bilateral buccal mucosa with a sterile cotton swab. Identification of yeast species was performed using standard techniques. Tongue lesions were identified and recorded. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was also measured. There was no significant difference in the mean age, UWSFR and oral Candida carriage among gutka-chewers and non-chewers. Individuals were chewing gutka since 4·4 years and were consuming five gutka sachets daily. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common yeast species isolated from 57·8% gutka-chewers and 64.4% non-chewers. In 24.4% gutka-chewers and 22·2% non-chewers, two candidal strains (C. albicans and Candida tropicalis) were isolated. In conclusion, the present results indicated no significant difference in oral Candida carriage in habitual gutka-chewers and non-chewers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka‐chewers and non‐chewers

Javed¹,

Tenenbaum²,

Nogueira-Filho³

et al. 2012

International Wound Journal

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“…Authors suggested HIV infection might lead to preferential selection of C. albicans strains with altered virulence determinants that make them more pathogenic; however, a relationship has not yet been established between the genotypes and the virulence factors, or with clinical infection . In a study of patients without HIV infection, enhanced virulence was found in C. albicans from tongue and buccal mucosa of chronic smokers, but oral candida loads did not differ between smokers and non‐smokers in that study population .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Smoking as a risk factor for oral candidiasis in HIV‐infected adults

Chattopadhyay

Patton

2012

J Oral Pathology Medicine

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Objective We aimed to examine if smoking is an independent predictor of oral candidiasis (OC) among HIV-1 infected persons. Methods The cross-sectional part of this study evaluated 631 adult dentate HIV-1 seropositive persons examined for OC from 1995 – 2000 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. In the second part, from the above sample, 283 individuals who were free of HIV-associated oral diseases at baseline were followed up for two years to assess incident OC events. Data collected from medical record review, interview questionnaires and clinical examinations were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Logistic regression models were developed for prevalent OC employing the likelihood ratio test, whereas Poisson regression models were developed for assessing cumulative incidence of OC. These models included a variety of independent variables to adjust for confounding. Results Thirteen percent of participants had OC only; 4.6% had OC with Oral Hairy Leukoplakia; and 69.7% had neither. Smoking was associated with OC in all models [prevalent OC - current smokers: logistic regression – Odd Ratio (95% CI) = 2.5 (1.3, 4.8); Incident OC - current smokers: Poisson regression (main effects model) - Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) = 1.9 (1.1, 3.8)]. Other Poisson regression models suggested evidence for effect modification between CD4 cell count and incident OC by smoking. Conclusion Smoking is an independent risk factor for development of OC in HIV-1 infected persons and the risk of OC is modified by CD4 cell count which measures strength of the immune system.

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“…The theory that supports a role of smoking in increasing oral Candida carriage is based upon the fact that nicotine thickens the epithelial keratinized layer in the oral cavity and causes structural and functional changes in keratinocytes facilitating fungal colonization and increasing the possibility of candidiasis [4]. Furthermore, C. albicans uses tobacco constituents as nutritional factors, and its virulence factors change accordingly leading to the formation of some chemical compounds [3,4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, C. albicans uses tobacco constituents as nutritional factors, and its virulence factors change accordingly leading to the formation of some chemical compounds [3,4]. Studies investigating the influence of waterpipe smoking on oral mucosa particularly on epithelium are unfortunately scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Candida Carriage in Waterpipe and Cigarette Smokers with Various Dietary Habits

Dar‐Odeh

Abu‐Hammad²,

Kutkut³

et al. 2016

Int Arch Med

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Background: Tobacco smoking and diet have been both linked to increased oral Candida carriage. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of Candida species in the oral cavity of young individuals smoking cigarettes and waterpipe who have various dietary habits.Methods: Participants were recruited from university students during December 2013, and were divided into three groups; a control nonsmoking, a cigarette smoking, and a waterpipe smoking groups. The study sample completed a pre-structured questionnaire on smoking, and dietary habits. Oral swab samples were collected from all participants to determine oral Candida carriage and the colonizing Candida species. Data were statistically analyzed to determine the significance of association between Candida carriage on one hand and smoking status, and dietary habits on the other hand.Findings: A total of 238 students participated in the study and among those only 30 (12.8%) students had oral Candida carriage. Candida albicans was the most common species to be recovered (56.7%), followed by Candida dubliniensis (23.3%). The association between smoking, and perceived dietary habits on one hand and oral Candida carriage on the other was not statistically significant. Conclusions :Smoking, and perceived dietary habits seem to have no association with oral Candida carriage among a young cohort of university smokers. It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on older age groups to investigate if age has any influence.

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Low virulent oral Candida albicans strains isolated from smokers

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka‐chewers and non‐chewers

Oral Candida carriage and species prevalence amongst habitual gutka‐chewers and non‐chewers

Smoking as a risk factor for oral candidiasis in HIV‐infected adults

Oral Candida Carriage in Waterpipe and Cigarette Smokers with Various Dietary Habits

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