Low Temperature Synthesis of Cu, Y-Cu, Ba-Cu Oxide Film by Reactive Sputtering

Activation of Carbonyl-Containing Molecules with Solid Lewis Acids in Aqueous Media

“…Solid acids, including ion-exchange resins, zeolites, and metal phosphates, have also been used in the dehydration of sugars, generating HMF and FUR yields similar to those obtained with homogeneous catalysts. ,,,− Regardless of the type of catalyst used, the presence of water promotes undesirable fragmentation and condensation reactions when both the furan derivative and the carbohydrate are present in the reaction vessel at elevated temperatures under acidic conditions. For this reason, aprotic solvents, ,,− mixed aqueous/organic solvents, , or biphasic systems ,,,− are typically used to boost product yields by effectively lowering reactant, product, and water concentration, or by separating the product from the reactant into different phases.…”