Low temperature processed ZnO thin film as electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells

Mahmud, Arafat; Elumalai, Naveen Kumar; Upama, Mushfika Baishakhi; Wang, Dian; Chan, Kah Howe; Wright, Matthew; Xu, Cheng; Haque, Faiazul; Uddin, Ashraf

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.09.014

Cited by 110 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…TiO 2 is an especially suited material for electron injection due to its conduction band energy level. However, a large range of materials has also been employed as photoanodes or scaffolds (Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, ZrO 2 , Zn 2 SnO 4 ) . As in dye‐sensitized solar cells or in photo‐electrochemical applications, 1D nanostructures (nanocolumns, nanorods, nanofibers, nanowires) have also been used as ESLs in PSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact

Idígoras

Contreras‐Bernal

Cave

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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Herein, the preparation of 1D TiO2 nanocolumnar films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is reported as the electron selective layer (ESL) for perovskite solar devices. The impact of the ESL architecture (1D and 3D morphologies) and the nanocrystalline phase (anatase and amorphous) is analyzed. For anatase structures, similar power conversion efficiencies are achieved using an ESL either the 1D nanocolumns or the classical 3D nanoparticle film. However, lower power conversion efficiencies and different optoelectronic properties are found for perovskite devices based on amorphous 1D films. The use of amorphous TiO2 as electron selective contact produces a bump in the reverse scan of the current–voltage curve as well as an additional electronic signal, detected by impedance spectroscopy measurements. The dependence of this additional signal on the optical excitation wavelength used in the IS experiments suggests that it stems from an interfacial process. Calculations using a drift‐diffusion model which explicitly considers the selective contacts reproduces qualitatively the main features observed experimentally. These results demonstrate that for a solar cell in which the contact is working properly the open‐circuit photovoltage is mainly determined by bulk recombination, whereas the introduction of a “bad contact” shifts the balance to surface recombination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact

Idígoras

Contreras‐Bernal

Cave

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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show abstract

“…Seok et al [26] implemented highly dispersed Zn 2 SnO 4 nanoparticles as an electron transport layer in a perovskite photovoltaic device at a low temperature. Despite being promising for low-temperature processing, these steps comprise time-consuming precipitation, dilution, and washing processes coupled with long reaction times, a need for sophisticated handling, and/or delicate electrochemical machinery [27]. In spite of the several advantages of ZnO, the PCE of ZnO-based PSCs with a traditional n-i-p structure is generally lower than that of TiO 2 -based PSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Post-Baking Temperature and Thickness of ZnO Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Organometal-Trihalide Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2017

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Solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO)-based planar heterojunction perovskite photovoltaic device is reported in this study. The photovoltaic device benefits from the ZnO film as a high-conductivity and high-transparent electron transport layer. The optimal electron transport layer thickness and post-baking temperature for ZnO are systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Optimized perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show an open-circuit voltage, a short-circuit current density, and a fill factor of 1.04 V, 18.71 mA/cm 2 , and 70.2%, respectively. The highest power conversion efficiency of 13.66% was obtained when the device was prepared with a ZnO electron transport layer with a thickness of~20 nm and when post-baking at 180 • C for 30 min. Finally, the stability of the highest performance ZnO-based PSCs without encapsulation was investigated in detail.

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“…The obtained plot for each device exhibited a compressed semicircular plot with no proper distinction between the high and low‐frequency regions. Based on the graphical trend and previous reports, we fitted the data with a simple double Randle's circuit (Figure (d)). Here, R 1 denotes the total series resistance of the cell and (R 2 ‐Q) belongs to charge transfer and double layer capacitive elements in the ETL interface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is easier to use for R&D purposes, PEDOT:PSS films have some well documented practical limitations because of its acidic nature that severely affects the life expectancy of OPVs . A non‐exhaustive observation revealed that the fabricated cells performed convincingly up to 2 weeks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Studies on Nafion® Modified ZnO Interlayers for Enhanced Electron Transport in the Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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Electron selective intermediate layers are crucial for both efficiency and stability of the inverted polymer solar cells (I‐PSCs). In this paper, an established low‐temperature (<130 °C) recipe to fabricate nano zinc oxide (ZnO) layers (L‐ZnO) exhibited typical values of power conversion efficiency (PCE∼3.3%) with the standard P3HT:PC61BM blend. However, PCEs showed further improvement up to ∼24% (∼ 4.08%) when these layers were annealed at 300 °C (H‐ZnO). This annealing step can be bypassed by adopting a slightly different chemistry using Nafion as a modifier (NM‐ZnO). I‐PSCs fabricated with NM‐ZnO showed nearly 40% increase in the PCE (∼4.62%) with PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTL) that matches the so far highest recorded value for such a system. For the low‐bandgap polymer blend PBDTT‐FTTE:PC71BM, a peak efficiency of ∼6.77% was obtained compared to ∼5.34% with L‐ZnO (∼28% increase). Our experiments revealed that these enhancements were due to a combination of benefits obtained from Nafion modification such as favourable positioning of work function (WF), high band gap (Eg) and better transport characteristics through the layer interfaces.

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Low temperature processed ZnO thin film as electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells

Cited by 110 publications

References 87 publications

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact

The Effect of Post-Baking Temperature and Thickness of ZnO Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Organometal-Trihalide Perovskite Solar Cells

Physicochemical Studies on Nafion® Modified ZnO Interlayers for Enhanced Electron Transport in the Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

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Low temperature processed ZnO thin film as electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells

Cited by 110 publications

References 87 publications

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO2 Contact

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO2 Contact

The Effect of Post-Baking Temperature and Thickness of ZnO Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Organometal-Trihalide Perovskite Solar Cells

Physicochemical Studies on Nafion® Modified ZnO Interlayers for Enhanced Electron Transport in the Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

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The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO₂ Contact