Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers for Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Erdenebileg, Enkhtur; Wang, Hao; Li, Jia; Singh, Nandan; Dewi, Herlina Arianita; Tiwari, Nidhi; Mathews, Nripan; Mhaisalkar, Subodh; Bruno, Annalisa

doi:10.1002/solr.202100842

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…This thickness has been chosen as it can guarantee the highest performance in our n-i-p co-evaporated PSCs. 2,30,35,51,52 The MAPb(Br x I 1Àx ) 3 lms have been prepared by dropping the MABr solution (with a concentration of 10 mg ml À1 in IPA) on the MAPbI 3 lm and letting it reacts for a certain time interval (ranging from 1 min to 5 min) before spin-coating the lms to remove unreacted MABr/ IPA. The 3-steps process is schematized in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Dewi

Erdeebileg

et al. 2022

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Dewi

Erdeebileg

et al. 2022

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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“…[273] Recently, Erdenebileg et al reported a co-evaporated MAPbI 3 perovskite layer with a low-temperature atomic layer deposited SnO 2 ETLs. [274] Guo et al employed SnO 2 ETL to report ambient processed planar n-i-p MAPbI 3 PSCs with high efficiency of 19.28%. They introduced MA gas to dissolve the perovskite precursor solution, which consisted of lead iodide (PbI 2 ) and methylamine iodide (MAI) in acetonitrile (ACN) solution.…”

Section: The Role Of Etl In the Performance Of Planar N-i-p Structure...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported a co‐evaporated MAPbI 3 perovskite layer with a low‐temperature atomic layer deposited SnO 2 ETLs. [ 274 ]…”

Section: Common Solar Cell Structures and Their Effect On Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cell and its Effect on the Device's Performance: A Review

Dahal

2022

Adv Materials Inter

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Since it is a source of clean energy, harnessing solar power is a natural solution to resolving the prevalent energy crisis. A solar cell is the most effective device to convert solar energy into electricity. Hence, a study on solar cells is the utmost area of interest in the energy sector.As illustrated in Figure 1, there are three generations of solar cells. Among these, the first-generation cells were of p-n homojunction on a silicon crystal, where the thickness of the absorbing layer was more than 180 µm. Mainly, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), indirect bandgap materials, assemble the cell. Single crystal silicon solar cells exhibit a conversion efficiency of about 26.7% and dominate the current solar cell market. [2] The second-generation solar cells are heterojunction solar cells using direct bandgap thin film materials (CdS, CIGS, etc.). The demerits of the first and second-generation solar cells are the cost of semiconducting materials, limited availability, and toxicity to human health. Emerging thirdgeneration solar cells act as an alternative. These include dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic photovoltaics, quantum dots, and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Among all those, PSCs are at the center of the emerging photovoltaic technology with rapid improvement in the performance within a few years of discovering the first perovskite cell. Figure 2 depicts the different types of solar cells and their developmental trend for the past 46 years, showing that the performance of the PSCs has improved dramatically during a short period.The foundation technology for PSCs is DSSCs. In 1991, O'Regan and Grätzel developed a low-cost photochemical solar cell based on a high surface area nanocrystalline TiO 2 film sensitized with dye molecule. [4] The primary concern of DSSCs is the use of liquid electrolytes, which regenerate the dye after it injects electrons into the conduction band (CB) of the working electrodes (anode), which are mainly the thin layer of the metal oxide semiconductor. The electrolyte also acts as a hole transporting material to the counter electrodes (cathode). [5] The solid-state hole conductor emerged as a replacement to minimize leakage concerns in liquid electrolyte-based DSSCs. With several modifications in the device structures, researchers are trying to synthesize efficient DSSCs. However, the low absorption coefficientIn its initial phase in 2009, the inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) delivered a 3.8% power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is far below the present 25.7% PCE obtained in 2022. The significant improvement of the efficiency of PSCs in such a short period has stimulated significant interest in the photovoltaic community. However, the performance of current PSCs is behind the commercially available and widely used solar cells in terms of stability and scalability. Among various commonly studied perovskite materials, methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) is the most widely studied. This review will focus on the common solar cell structures (mesoporo...

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“…More importantly, this method is scalable and allows precise control of the film thickness, even on textured surfaces. , The first work published in 2013 using thermal co-evaporation to deposit MAPbI 3– x Cl x reported a PCE of 15.4% for small-area devices . To date, the PCEs of perovskite solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) prepared by co-evaporation reach over 20% in both nip − and pin configurations on the small-area devices and over 18% on perovskite minimodules. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Carrier Dynamics in Co-evaporated MAPbI₃ with a Gradient in Composition

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Co-evaporation of metal halide perovskites by thermal evaporation is an attractive method since it does not require harmful solvents and enables precise control of the film thickness. Furthermore, the ability to manipulate the Fermi level allows the formation of a graded homojunction, providing interesting opportunities to improve the charge carrier collection efficiency. However, little is known about how these properties affect the charge carrier dynamics. In this work, the structural and optoelectronic properties of co-evaporated MAPbI 3 films varying in thickness (100, 400, and 750 nm) with a gradient in composition are analyzed. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that excess PbI 2 is only present in the thick layers. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth analysis, the I/Pb atomic ratio indicates methylammonium iodide deficiencies that become more prominent with thicker films, resulting in differently ndoped regions across the thick MAPbI 3 films. We suggest that due to these differently n-doped regimes, an internal electric field is formed. Side-selective time-resolved microwave photo conductivity measurements show an elongation of the charge carrier lifetimes on increasing thickness. These observations can be explained by the fact that excess carriers separate under the influence of the electric field, preventing rapid decay in the thick films.

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Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers for Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 20 publications

References 56 publications

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Configuration of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cell and its Effect on the Device's Performance: A Review

Charge Carrier Dynamics in Co-evaporated MAPbI₃ with a Gradient in Composition

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Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers for Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 20 publications

References 56 publications

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI3 perovskite

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI3 perovskite

Configuration of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cell and its Effect on the Device's Performance: A Review

Charge Carrier Dynamics in Co-evaporated MAPbI3 with a Gradient in Composition

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Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Efficient bandgap widening in co-evaporated MAPbI₃ perovskite

Charge Carrier Dynamics in Co-evaporated MAPbI₃ with a Gradient in Composition