Low seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild canids in Israel

A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

“…In addition to the above confirmed definitive hosts ( Barber and Trees, 1996; Lindsay et al., 1996; Gondim et al., 2004a, 2004b; Dubey and Thulliez, 2005; Steinman et al., 2006; Wapenaar et al., 2007; Sobrino et al., 2008; Almberg et al., 2009; Bjorkman et al., 2010; Stieve et al., 2010; Bevins et al., 2013; Dubey et al., 2014a ), N. caninum antibodies (Ab) and/or DNA have been detected in the following free-ranging carnivores: Iberian wolf ( Canis lupus signatus ) (Ab) ( Sobrino et al., 2008 ), golden jackal ( Canis aureus ) (Ab) ( Steinman et al., 2006 ), African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) (Ab) ( Woodroffe et al., 2012 ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) (Ab, DNA) ( Barber et al., 1997; Buxton et al., 1997; Simpson et al., 1997; Schares et al., 2001; Wolfe et al., 2001; Almeria et al., 2002; Hamilton et al., 2005; Hurkova and Modry, 2006; Steinman et al., 2006; Jakubek et al., 2007; Murphy et al., 2007; Wapenaar et al., 2007; Marco et al., 2008; Sobrino et al., 2008; De Craeye et al., 2011; Bartley et al., 2013b; Stuart et al., 2013; Dubey et al., 2014b ), Culpeo fox ( Dusicyon culpaeus ) (Ab) ( Martino et al., 2004 ), South American gray fox ( Dusicyon griseus ) (Ab) ( Martino et al., 2004 ), North American gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoenteus ) (Ab) ( Lindsay et al., 1996 ), Azara's fox ( Lycalopex gymnocercus ) (Ab) ( Canon-Franco et al., 2004 ), crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) (Ab) ( Canon-Franco et al., 2004 ), European brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) (DNA) ( Cobadiova et al., 2013 ), spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta ) (Ab) ( Ferroglio et al., 2003 ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) (Ab, DNA) ( Lindsay et al., 2001; Lemberger et al., 2005 ), raccoon dog ( Nyctereute procyonoides ) (Ab) ( Kim et al., 2003 ), stone martin ( Martes foina ) (Ab) ( Sobrino et al., 2008 ), pine martin ( Martes martes ) (Ab) ( Sobrino et al., 2008 ), Eurasian badger ( Meles meles ) (Ab, DNA) ( Sobrino et al., 2008; Bartley et al., 2013b ), polecat ( Mustella putorius ) (Ab, DNA) ( Sobrino et al., 2008; Bartley et al., 2013b ), ferret ( Mustela furo ) (DNA) ( Bartley et al., 2013b ), American mink ( Neovison vison ) (Ab, DNA) ( Bartley et al., 2013b; Stuart et al., 2013 ), European otter ( Lutra lutra ) (DNA) ( Stuart et al., 2013 ), sea otter ( Enhydra lutris neresis ...…”

Seroepidemiological survey of Neospora caninum and its risk factors in farm dogs in Nakuru district, Kenya

“…The parasite is related to Toxoplasma gondii [2]. While canids act as definitive and intermediate hosts of this parasite [1,3-5], many other mammalian species have been described as intermediate hosts of NC. Among these mammals are cattle, sheep, goats, deer, moose, water buffalo, camels, and wild birds [3,6].…”

Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum

“…Gondim et al (2004a) proposed a sylvatic cycle of N. caninum in the US. N. caninum antibodies have been found in gray wolf in several countries including the US (Gondim et al, 2004b;Dubey and Thulliez, 2005;Steinman et al, 2006;Sobrino et al, 2008;Almberg et al, 2009;Björkman et al, 2010;Stieve et al, 2010;Dubey and Schares, in press). Almberg et al (2009) found N. caninum antibodies in 50% of 220 wolves from the Yellowstone National Park, indicating efficient sylvatic cycle of N. caninum proposed by Gondim et al (2004b).…”