Low reliability of home-based diagnosis of malaria in a rural community in western Kenya

Kakai, Rose; Nasimiyu, Josephine; Odero, Wilson

doi:10.3855/jidc.1077

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…It is a lowland located in the Lake Victoria Basin with an annual rainfall of around 1700 mm mean and minimum and maximum temperatures of about 17°C and 32°C, respectively [36,37]. The communities mainly practice subsistence farming and health demographic characteristics include high infant mortality rates, neonatal and postnatal mortality rates, and crude death rates [38,39].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Githinji

Irungu

Ndegwa

et al. 2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Introduction. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is strongly linked to pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in Africa, which may have vital significance to the current increased use of pyrethroid-treated bed net programmes. The study is aimed at determining species composition, levels of insecticide resistance, and knockdown patterns in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in areas with and areas without insecticide resistance in Teso North and Teso South subcounties, Western Kenya. Materials and Methods. For WHO vulnerability tests, mosquito larvae were sampled using a dipper, reared into 3-5-day-old female mosquitoes (4944 at 100 mosquitoes per insecticide) which were exposed to 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, and 0.1% bendiocarb using the WHO tube assay method. Species identification and kdr East gene PCRs were also performed on randomly selected mosquitoes from the collections; including adult mosquitoes (3448) sampled using standard collection methods. Results. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto were the majority in terms of species composition at 78.9%. Bendiocarb caused 100% mortality while deltamethrin had higher insecticidal effects (77%) on female mosquitoes than permethrin (71%). Susceptible Kengatunyi cluster had higher proportion of An. arabiensis (20.9%) than resistant Rwatama (10.7%). Kengatunyi mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin had the highest KDT50 R of 8.2. Both Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis had equal S allelic frequency of 0.84. Indoor resting mosquitoes had 100% mortality rate after 24 h since exposure. Overall SS genotypic frequency in Teso North and Teso South subcounties was 79.4% against 13.7% homozygous LL genotype and 6.9% heterozygous LS genotype. There was a significant difference (ρ<0.05) in S allele frequencies between Kengatunyi (0.61) and Rwatama (0.95). Mosquito samples collected in 2013 had the highest S allelic frequency of 0.87. Discussion. Most likely, the higher the selection pressure exerted indoors by insecticidal nets, the higher were the resistance alleles. Use of pyrethroid impregnated nets and agrochemicals may have caused female mosquitoes to select for pyrethroid resistance. Different modes of action and chemical properties in different types of pyrethroids aggravated by a variety of edaphic and climatic factors may have caused different levels of susceptibility in both indoor and outdoor vectors to pyrethroids and carbamate. Species composition and populations in each collection method may have been influenced by insecticide resistance capacity in different species. Conclusions and Recommendations. Both phenotypic and genotypic insecticide resistance levels have been confirmed in Teso North and Teso South subcounties in Western Kenya. Insecticide resistance management practices in Kenya should be fast tracked and harmonized with agricultural sector agrochemical-based activities and legislation, and possibly switch to carbamate use in order to ease selection pressure on pyrethroids which are useable in insecticidal nets and indoor residual spray due to their low human toxicity. The implication of such high resistance levels in mosquitoes collected in Teso subcounties is that resistance is likely to persist and or even increase if monomolecules of permethrin and deltamethrin or both continue to be used in all net- and nonnet-based mosquito control purposes. Usage of mutually reinforcing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) that prohibits particular enzymes vital in metabolic activities inside mosquito systems and has been integrated into pyrethroid-LLINs to create pyrethroid-PBO nets is an extremely viable option.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Githinji

Irungu

Ndegwa

et al. 2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Home-based malaria management in children by women: Evidence from a malaria endemic community in sub-Saharan Africa

Eugene-Ezebilo

Ezebilo

2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

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15Objective: To examine the medicines and dosage that mothers who engaged in home-16 based malaria management administer to children aged ≤ 5 years having signs and 17 symptoms associated with malaria. It was also to discuss the possibilities of designing an 18 effective home-based malaria management strategy. 19 Methods:The data were obtained from face-to-face semi-structured interviews 20 conducted with mothers in the Ugbowo Community of Benin City, Nigeria who were 21 selected using multi-stage systematic random sampling technique. The data were 22 2 analyzed by qualitative content analysis, arithmetic mean, simple percentages and bar 23 chart. 24Results: Approximately 90% of the interviewees engaged in home-based malaria 25 management and 10% patronised the hospital. Most of the interviewees who engaged in 26 home-based malaria management administered medicines that stimulate the production of 27 red blood cells and supplies vitamins to children having signs and symptoms of malaria, 28 followed by painkillers, anti-malaria and cough medicine was the least. Of the anti-29 malaria medicines administered to children almost 80% of the interviewees administered 30 chloroquine to children, 15% quinine and three per cent halfan. Approximately 60% of 31 the interviewees had the correct knowledge of the dosage regime for chloroquine, 38% 32 for quinine and nine per cent for halfan. 33Conclusions: Although home-based malaria management is important it cannot serve as 34 a substitute to the hospital. Some diseases have signs and symptoms that are similar to 35 that of malaria which implies that administering anti-malaria medicines to a child without 36 confirmatory tests might lead to irredeemable complications in that child. If the strategy 37 is to make home-based malaria management effective and sustainable mothers and 38 community health officials should be involved in designing the strategy. Simple rapid 39 diagnostic test kits for malaria should be made available to community health officials 40 and pharmacists so that confirmatory tests could be carried out before dispensing 41 medicines. 42 43

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Implicancias metodológicas en el estudio de la automedicación en niños.

Ferrer,

Alazraqu

2023

culturaydroga

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La presente investigación aborda el estudio de la automedicación en niños hasta los dos años de vida, buscando identificar cómo la literatura científica se aproxima y caracteriza ese proceso, a través de los artículos científicos publicados en el período 2009-2019. Para ello se realizó una revisión de alcance que incluyó la selección de artículos publicados en las bases de datos bibliográficas: Scopus, Pubmed, Lilacs y Scielo. A través del análisis de 132 artículos, identificamos que las instituciones de salud constituyeron los ámbitos donde recolectaron la mayoría de los datos (48,8%), y las madres fueron las informantes principales. Las enfermedades/problemas de salud más abordados, en relación con la automedicación, fueron aquellas vinculadas al sistema respiratorio (37,4%) y enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (19,3%). Los medicamentos de origen alopático se estudiaron más ampliamente que el uso de fitomedicamentos, drogas vegetales o tradicionales. Este trabajo repara en las consideraciones que deber tenerse en cuenta al analizar el proceso de automedicación en niños, en función de los diseños metodológicos implementados para su análisis.

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Low reliability of home-based diagnosis of malaria in a rural community in western Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Home-based malaria management in children by women: Evidence from a malaria endemic community in sub-Saharan Africa

Implicancias metodológicas en el estudio de la automedicación en niños.

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