We
report a systematic study of thiophene derivatives on gold surfaces.
These molecules are of interest in molecular electronics, and the
characracteristics of the thiophene–electrode interface in
devices needs to be understood as it affects electron transport characteristics.
Some experiments indicated S–C bond scission in contact with
metals resulting in disruption of the π-electron system that
affects charge transport, which would also be affected by presence
of split-off chemisorbed sulfur. We explored this dissociation aspect
by photoemission for the case of monocrystalline Au(111) surfaces
and Au films grown on mica for a series of polythiophenes molecules
(nT, n = 1–4, 6) as well
as for α,ω-diquaterthiophene (DH4T) and dihexylsexithiophene
(DH6T). The S 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peaks are found
to have complex line shapes corresponding to S atoms with different
core level binding energies (CLBE). Density functional theory calculations
of adsorption energies and CLBEs were performed for various adsorption
configurations of thiophene on a perfect Au(111) plane and for comparison,
calculations were also performed for bithiophene, terthiophene, alkenethiol,
alkenethiol chain, and a broken thiophene related metallocycle, incorporating
an Au adatom and an S atom. On the basis of these results we relate
the different contributions to the S 2p peak to intact molecules on
different adsorption sites and broken molecules. Calculations in particular
show that the CLBEs for intact thiophene (1T) can be the same as for
the alkene and alkanethiol cases as opposed to usual assumptions in
the literature. The existence of intact thiophenes is confirmed by
the presence of clear π resonance peaks in the near edge X-ray
fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra. Spontaneous dissociation appears
to a variable extent in different samples, and we tentatively relate
this to the presence of a more or less large number of steps and defects
sites. X-ray induced beam damage was investigated for 1T and 3T using
an intense synchrotron beam of 260 eV photons, and showed changes
in the S 2p spectra related to S–C bond scission.