“…[1][2][3] From that time until the late 1980s, such fibers were primarily a research platform, which did not mature into commercial products. This changed very dramatically with the development of the erbium (Er)-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), 4 which provided the first realistic solution to the rising critical need for an all-optical amplifier within optical communication systems. The success of the EDFA and the subsequent advancement of high power fiber lasers and amplifiers for telecommunications, industrial materials processing (welding, drilling, cutting, micromachining), medical (imaging, surgery, therapeutics), military (weapons, imaging, ranging), and environmental monitoring (fiber optic sensing) applications, spawned an industry that even today maintains continuous growth.…”