Low-mature gases and their resource potentiality

Abstract

In the 80's of last century, based on the advances in natural gas exploration practice, the concepts of bio-thermocatalytic transitional-zone gas and early thermogenetic gas were proposed, and the lower limit R o values for the formation and accumulation of thermogenetic natural gases of industrial importance have been extended to 0.3%-0.4%. In accordance with the two-stage model established on the basis of carbon isotope fractionation involved in the formation of coal-type natural gases, the upper limit R o values of lowly evolved natural gases should be set at 0.8%-1.0%. This is the concept of low-mature gas which is commonly accepted at the present time. The Urengoy super-large gas field in western Siberian Basin is a typical example of low-mature gas field, where low-mature gas reserves account for 20% of the globally proven natural gas reserves, and this fully indicates the importance of this kind of resources. The proven reserves of natural gases in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China are approximate to 1000×10 8 m 3 , and the thermal evolution indices of source rocks are R o =0.4％-0.8％. The δ 13 C 1 values of methane are mainly within the range of -44‰--39‰ (corresponding to R o =0.6%-0.8%), and those of ethane are mainly within the range of -29‰--26‰, indicating that these natural gases should be designated to the coal-type low-mature gases. The light hydrocarbon evolution indices of natural gases also provide strong evidence suggesting that they are the coal-type low-mature gases. If so, low-mature gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin has been accumulated to such an extent as to be equivalent to the total reserves of three large-sized gas fields, and their existence is of great significance in the study and exploration of China's low-mature gases. If it is evidenced that the source rocks of low-mature gases are related mainly to coal measures, China's abundant lowly evolved coal series resources will provide a huge resource potentiality for the generation of low-mature gases.

Effect of Electrolyte Filtration Accuracy on Electrochemical Machining Quality for Titanium Alloy

“…Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a nontraditional machining technique that relies on electrochemical anode dissolution to remove material [1,2]. Owing to its high processing efficiency [3], the absence of tool wear [4], processing stress, a workhardening processing zone [5], and its relatively low cost [6,7], ECM has a wide range of applications in aerospace, power industries, medicine, and other fields [4,8,9].…”

Radiogenesis of Low Maturity Natural Gas in the Turpan‐Hami Basin, NW China

“…The gas and source rock correlation shows that the natural gas has a very good correlation with the Jurassic source rocks, especially with the Middle and Lower Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks (Wang et al, 1998;Wang et al, 2008;Shen et al, 2010;Zhao, 2013). The Ro measurements of the Jurassic source rocks all over the Turpan-Hami Basin indicate that most of the source rocks in the Jurassic are immature (Cheng, 1994;Wang et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2008Xu et al, , 2009Lu et al, 2009;Zhao, 2013). Numerous previous studies have indicated that the presence of resin, suberinite, eight ring sulfur compounds and biodegradation in source rocks all contributed to the generation of abundant low maturity gas (Wang et al, 1998;Wang et al, 2008;Lu et al, 2009;Xu et al, 2009).…”

“…The Ro measurements of the Jurassic source rocks all over the Turpan-Hami Basin indicate that most of the source rocks in the Jurassic are immature (Cheng, 1994;Wang et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2008Xu et al, , 2009Lu et al, 2009;Zhao, 2013). Numerous previous studies have indicated that the presence of resin, suberinite, eight ring sulfur compounds and biodegradation in source rocks all contributed to the generation of abundant low maturity gas (Wang et al, 1998;Wang et al, 2008;Lu et al, 2009;Xu et al, 2009). These compounds can lower the activation energy required for hydrocarbon generation, which is favorable for low maturity natural gas production (Zhong and Wang, 1995).…”