Low loss second‐order non‐linear optical crosslinked polymers based on a phosphorus‐containing maleimide

Abstract

A series of crossslinked organic and organic/inorganic polymers based on maleimide chemistry have been investigated for second-order non-linear optical (NLO) materials with excellent thermal stability and low optical loss. Two reactive chromophores (maleimide-containing azobenzene dye and alkoxysilane-containing azobenzene dye) were incorporated into a phosphorus-containing maleimide polymer, respectively. The selection of the phosphorus-containing maleimide polymer as the polymeric matrices provides enhanced solubility and thermal stability, and excellent optical quality. Moreover, a full interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through simultaneous addition reaction of the phosphorus-containing maleimide, and sol-gel process of alkoxysilane dye (ASD) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicate that the inorganic networks are distributed uniformly throughout the polymer matrices on a nano-scale. The silica particle sizes are well under 100 nm. Using in situ contact poling, the r(33) Coefficients of 2.2-17.0 pm/V have been obtained for the optically clear phosphorus-containing NLO materials. Excellent temporal stability (100 degreesC) and low optical loss (0.99-1.71 dB/cm; 830 nm) were also obtained for these phosphorus-containing materials. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd

Nonlinear optical polyimide/montmorillonite nanocomposites consisting of azobenzene dyes

“…Therefore, the r 33 activity would begin to decrease at the temperature above room temperature. Similar phenomenon was also reported by other researchers [8,51,52]. Besides, PDT1C exhibits a higher effective relaxation temperature as compared to the pristine polyimide, PIDO3, indicating that the mobility of the aligned NLO dyes in PDT1C is more restricted than that in the pristine polyimide.…”

“…As a result of this, the NLO properties would be obtained. Moreover, EO coefficients were depending upon the dye contents, which implies that the aggregation of NLO dyes did not take place in the above measured [8].…”

The facile synthesis and optical nonlinearity of hyperbranched polyaspartimides with azobenzene dyes

“…The uniform void-rich topological structure of hyperbranched polymers might possibly help to minimize the optical losses [18,19]. Further optimization of materials and processing conditions is expected to minimize the optical losses of the polymers [44,45,62]. In this particular area, direct introduction of fluorine atoms to azobenzene dyes and polyaspartimides structures seems to provide lower optical losses [63].…”

Nonlinear optical, poly(amide-imide)–clay nanocomposites comprising an azobenzene moiety synthesised via sequential self-repetitive reaction

“…The key requirements imposed on the NLO polymers include large optical nonlinearities and excellent temporal stability at 80-125 C [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. To enhance the stability, one approach is to introduce the inorganic component into the organic NLO materials, yielding organic/inorganic hybrid materials via a sol-gel process [16][17][18].…”