Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

Abstract

Abstract:The prominent myotoxic effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu crude venom are due, in part, to its polycationic myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Both myotoxins have a phospholipase A2 structure: BthTX-II is an active enzyme Asp-49 PLA2, while BthTX-I is a Lys-49 PLA2 devoid of enzymatic activity. In this study, the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), 685 nm laser at a dose of 4.2 J/cm2 on edema formation, leukocyte influx and myonecrosis caused by BthTX-I and BthTX-II, isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, was analyzed. BthTX-I and BthTX-II caused a significant edema formation, a prominent leukocyte infiltrate composed predominantly by neutrophils and myonecrosis in envenomed gastrocnemius muscle. LLLT significantly reduced the edema formation, neutrophil accumulation and myonecrosis induced by both myotoxins 24 hours after the injection. LLLT reduced the myonecrosis caused by BthTX-I and BthTX-II, respectively, by 60 and 43%; the edema formation, by 41 and 60.7%; and the leukocyte influx, by 57.5 and 51.6%. In conclusion, LLLT significantly reduced the effect of these snake toxins on the inflammatory response and myonecrosis. These results suggest that LLLT should be considered a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of local effects of Bothrops species venom.

Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox

“…This action results from the modulation of the immune system, decreases the production and release of inflammation mediators, increases the production of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate, thus decreasing cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, and stimulates neovascularization . The efficacy results of this study corroborated the efficacy observed in previous preclinical studies in animals that were experimentally subjected to Bothrops venom …”

“…In addition, the literature shows that PBMT is a noninvasive, safe, and painless treatment . In preclinical studies, PBMT showed efficacy in reducing the local effects, such as edema, inflammatory response, pain, and myonecrosis, caused by Bothrops snake venoms; however, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine its use in patients with SBE in a clinical study. In this study, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the LLLT was demonstrated in B atrox SBEs in a double-blind, randomized clinical feasibility trial.…”

Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox

“…This action results from the modulation of the immune system, decreases the production and release of inflammation mediators, increases the production of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate, thus decreasing cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, and stimulates neovascularization . The efficacy results of this study corroborated the efficacy observed in previous preclinical studies in animals that were experimentally subjected to Bothrops venom …”

“…In addition, the literature shows that PBMT is a noninvasive, safe, and painless treatment . In preclinical studies, PBMT showed efficacy in reducing the local effects, such as edema, inflammatory response, pain, and myonecrosis, caused by Bothrops snake venoms; however, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine its use in patients with SBE in a clinical study. In this study, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the LLLT was demonstrated in B atrox SBEs in a double-blind, randomized clinical feasibility trial.…”

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

“…2, panels I and L). In line, reduction of muscle fibers damage that had been caused by the BthTx-I and BthTx-II PLA 2 myotoxins from Bjssu was also found by Barbosa et al [50] in mice gastrocnemius treated with PBMT (GaAs, 685 nm, 4.2 J/cm 2 , 29 s exposition, and irradiated area of 0.2 cm 2 ).…”

Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom

“…Similar results were found in the literature, which show that LLL at a dose of 4.2 J cm −2 was capable of inhibiting an inflammatory process (edema and leukocyte influx) and a myonecrotic process induced by BthTX-I, a Lys-49 and BthTX-II, an Asp-49 myotoxin isolated from B. jararacussu venom. 24 These authors also showed that LLL acts at the same intensity to reduce the inflammatory and myonecrosis processes for both BthTX-I and BthTX-II, suggesting that enzymatic activity is not relevant for laser treatment. Furthermore, the literature shows that laser or LED irradiation caused a reduction of muscle edema formation induced by crude venom of B. jararacussu 20 and paw edema induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venom.…”

Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox

“…This action results from the modulation of the immune system, decreases the production and release of inflammation mediators, increases the production of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate, thus decreasing cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, and stimulates neovascularization . The efficacy results of this study corroborated the efficacy observed in previous preclinical studies in animals that were experimentally subjected to Bothrops venom …”

“…In addition, the literature shows that PBMT is a noninvasive, safe, and painless treatment . In preclinical studies, PBMT showed efficacy in reducing the local effects, such as edema, inflammatory response, pain, and myonecrosis, caused by Bothrops snake venoms; however, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine its use in patients with SBE in a clinical study. In this study, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the LLLT was demonstrated in B atrox SBEs in a double-blind, randomized clinical feasibility trial.…”

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

“…2, panels I and L). In line, reduction of muscle fibers damage that had been caused by the BthTx-I and BthTx-II PLA 2 myotoxins from Bjssu was also found by Barbosa et al [50] in mice gastrocnemius treated with PBMT (GaAs, 685 nm, 4.2 J/cm 2 , 29 s exposition, and irradiated area of 0.2 cm 2 ).…”

Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom

“…Similar results were found in the literature, which show that LLL at a dose of 4.2 J cm −2 was capable of inhibiting an inflammatory process (edema and leukocyte influx) and a myonecrotic process induced by BthTX-I, a Lys-49 and BthTX-II, an Asp-49 myotoxin isolated from B. jararacussu venom. 24 These authors also showed that LLL acts at the same intensity to reduce the inflammatory and myonecrosis processes for both BthTX-I and BthTX-II, suggesting that enzymatic activity is not relevant for laser treatment. Furthermore, the literature shows that laser or LED irradiation caused a reduction of muscle edema formation induced by crude venom of B. jararacussu 20 and paw edema induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venom.…”

Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox

“…This action results from the modulation of the immune system, decreases the production and release of inflammation mediators, increases the production of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate, thus decreasing cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, and stimulates neovascularization . The efficacy results of this study corroborated the efficacy observed in previous preclinical studies in animals that were experimentally subjected to Bothrops venom …”

“…In addition, the literature shows that PBMT is a noninvasive, safe, and painless treatment . In preclinical studies, PBMT showed efficacy in reducing the local effects, such as edema, inflammatory response, pain, and myonecrosis, caused by Bothrops snake venoms; however, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine its use in patients with SBE in a clinical study. In this study, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the LLLT was demonstrated in B atrox SBEs in a double-blind, randomized clinical feasibility trial.…”

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

“…2, panels I and L). In line, reduction of muscle fibers damage that had been caused by the BthTx-I and BthTx-II PLA 2 myotoxins from Bjssu was also found by Barbosa et al [50] in mice gastrocnemius treated with PBMT (GaAs, 685 nm, 4.2 J/cm 2 , 29 s exposition, and irradiated area of 0.2 cm 2 ).…”

Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom

“…Similar results were found in the literature, which show that LLL at a dose of 4.2 J cm −2 was capable of inhibiting an inflammatory process (edema and leukocyte influx) and a myonecrotic process induced by BthTX-I, a Lys-49 and BthTX-II, an Asp-49 myotoxin isolated from B. jararacussu venom. 24 These authors also showed that LLL acts at the same intensity to reduce the inflammatory and myonecrosis processes for both BthTX-I and BthTX-II, suggesting that enzymatic activity is not relevant for laser treatment. Furthermore, the literature shows that laser or LED irradiation caused a reduction of muscle edema formation induced by crude venom of B. jararacussu 20 and paw edema induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venom.…”