Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

Barbosa, AM; Villaverde, AB; Guimarães-Sousa, Ludmila; Soares, A.M.; Zamuner, SF; Cogo, JC; Zamuner, SR

doi:10.1590/s1678-91992010000300014

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…2, panels I and L). In line, reduction of muscle fibers damage that had been caused by the BthTx-I and BthTx-II PLA 2 myotoxins from Bjssu was also found by Barbosa et al [50] in mice gastrocnemius treated with PBMT (GaAs, 685 nm, 4.2 J/cm 2 , 29 s exposition, and irradiated area of 0.2 cm 2 ).…”

Section: Morphologic and Morphometric Analysessupporting

confidence: 74%

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

Vieira

Kenzo-Kagawa

Alvares

et al. 2021

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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Envenoming caused by snakebites is a very important neglected tropical disease worldwide. The myotoxic phospholipases present in the bothropic venom disrupt the sarcolemma and compromise the mechanisms of energy production, leading to myonecrosis. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been used as an effective tool to treat diverse cases of injuries, such as snake venom-induced myonecrosis. Based on that, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PBMT through lowlevel laser irradiation (904 nm) on the muscle regeneration after the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (Bjssu) injection, focusing on myogenic regulatory factors expression, such as Pax7, MyoD, and Myogenin (MyoG). Male Swiss mice (Mus musculus), 6-8-week-old, weighing 22 ± 3 g were used. Single sub-lethal Bjssu dose or saline was injected into the right mice gastrocnemius muscle. At 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after injections, mice were submitted to PBMT treatment. When finished the periods of 48 and 72 h, mice were euthanized and the right gastrocnemius were collected for analyses. We observed extensive inflammatory infiltrate in all the groups submitted to Bjssu injections. PBMT was able to reduce the myonecrotic area at 48 and 72 h after envenomation. There was a significant increase of MyoG mRNA expression at 72 h after venom injection. The data suggest that beyond the protective effect promoted by PBMT against Bjssu-induced myonecrosis, the low-level laser irradiation was able to stimulate the satellite cells, thus enhancing the muscle repair by improving myogenic differentiation.

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Section: Morphologic and Morphometric Analysessupporting

confidence: 74%

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

Vieira

Kenzo-Kagawa

Alvares

et al. 2021

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) expression, and its modulation by HeNe or GaAs laser, has been demonstrated in endothelial and non-endothelial cells of snake envenomed skeletal muscle [ 26 ]. We also demonstrated that laser irradiation reduced local effect of isolated snake myotoxins on the inflammatory response and myonecrosis when injected in mice [ 27 , 28 ]. Although several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in reducing local effects induced by bothrops venom, especially myonecrosis, the mechanism involved in this protection is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Protects and Promotes Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblast Cells Exposed to Snake Venom

Silva

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundSnakebites is a neglected disease and in Brazil is considered a serious health problem, with the majority of the snakebites caused by the genus Bothrops. Antivenom therapy and other first-aid treatments do not reverse local myonecrose which is the main sequel caused by the envenomation. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of low level laser (LLL) therapy in reducing local myonecrosis induced by Bothropic venoms, however the mechanism involved in this effect is unknown. In this in vitro study, we aimed to analyze the effect of LLL irradiation against cytotoxicity induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom on myoblast C2C12 cells.MethodologyC2C12 were utilized as a model target and were incubated with B. jararacussu venom (12.5 μg/mL) and immediately irradiated with LLL at wavelength of red 685 nm or infrared 830 nm with energy density of 2.0, 4.6 and 7.0 J/cm2. Effects of LLL on cellular responses of venom-induced cytotoxicity were examined, including cell viability, measurement of cell damage and intra and extracellular ATP levels, expression of myogenic regulatory factors, as well as cellular differentiation.ResultsIn non-irradiated cells, the venom caused a decrease in cell viability and a massive release of LDH and CK levels indicating myonecrosis. Infrared and red laser at all energy densities were able to considerably decrease venom-induced cytotoxicity. Laser irradiation induced myoblasts to differentiate into myotubes and this effect was accompanied by up regulation of MyoD and specially myogenin. Moreover, LLL was able to reduce the extracellular while increased the intracellular ATP content after venom exposure. In addition, no difference in the intensity of cytotoxicity was shown by non-irradiated and irradiated venom.ConclusionLLL irradiation caused a protective effect on C2C12 cells against the cytotoxicity caused by B. jararacussu venom and promotes differentiation of these cells by up regulation of myogenic factors. A modulatory effect of ATP synthesis may be suggested as a possible mechanism mediating cytoprotection observed under laser irradiation.

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“…Similar results were found in the literature, which show that LLL at a dose of 4.2 J cm −2 was capable of inhibiting an inflammatory process (edema and leukocyte influx) and a myonecrotic process induced by BthTX-I, a Lys-49 and BthTX-II, an Asp-49 myotoxin isolated from B. jararacussu venom. 24 These authors also showed that LLL acts at the same intensity to reduce the inflammatory and myonecrosis processes for both BthTX-I and BthTX-II, suggesting that enzymatic activity is not relevant for laser treatment. Furthermore, the literature shows that laser or LED irradiation caused a reduction of muscle edema formation induced by crude venom of B. jararacussu 20 and paw edema induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This proposal is based on the literature that shows a reduction of the local effects induced by various Bothrops snake venoms after photobiostimulation such as myonecrosis , 18,19 inflammation, [20][21][22] hemorrhage 22 and pain. 21,23 Moreover, Barbosa et al (2010) 24 reported that LLL treatment significantly reduced the muscle edema, leukocyte influx and myonecrosis induced by BthTX-I or -II isolated from B. jararacussu snake venom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom

Nadur-Andrade

Dale

Santos

et al. 2014

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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The prominent local myotoxic effects induced by Bothrops snake venom are due, in part, to myotoxins. This effect is not neutralized by antivenom, which is the main therapy for victims of snakebite. Two basic myotoxins named MjTX-I and MjTX-II were isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom. Both myotoxins have a Lys-49 phospholipase A2 structure devoid of enzymatic activity, but are highly myonecrotic and edema-inducing. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a low-level laser (LLL) at 685 nm, an energy density of 2.2 J cm(-2), and the irradiation time of 15 s, and a light emitting diode (LED) at 635 or 945 nm at energy densities of 4 and 3.8 J cm(-2), and irradiation times of 41 and 38 s, respectively, applied 30 min and 3 h after edema formation in mice caused by MjTX-I or MjTX-II. MjTX-I or MjTX-II caused a significant edema formation in envenomed paws. LLL and LED irradiation significantly reduced the edema formation by both myotoxins from 1 up to 6 hours after the injection. Both LLL and LEDs were similar in reducing the edema formation induced by myotoxins. The combined photobiostimulation with antivenom had the same effect in reducing edema as treatment with the LLL or LEDs alone. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that photobiostimulation could be used in association with antivenom therapy for treatment of local effects of Bothrops species venom.

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Low-level laser therapy decreases local effects induced by myotoxins isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

Photobiomodulation Protects and Promotes Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblast Cells Exposed to Snake Venom

Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom

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