Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis

Lanphear, Bruce P.; Hornung, Richard; Khoury, Jane; Yolton, Kimberly; Baghurst, Peter; Bellinger, David C.; Canfield, Richard L.; Dietrich, Kim N.; Bornschein, Robert L.; Greene, Tom; Rothenberg, Stephen J.; Needleman, Herbert L.; Schnaas, Lourdes; Wasserman, Gail A.; Graziano, Joseph H.; Roberts, Russell

doi:10.1289/ehp.7688

Cited by 1,820 publications

(1,411 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Lead contamination of food is of major importance to humans, and considerable attention has been focused recently on lead toxicity in children (Hornung et al 2009;European Food Safety Authority 2010). In fact, there is evidence that cognitive development is affected when children \2 years of age are exposed to lead (Chen et al 2005;Lanphear et al 2005). Cadmium has become recognized as a worldwide public health hazard because of its persistence in the environment and its extended biological half-life (Vahter et al 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Heavy metals are ubiquitous in soil, water, and air. Their entrance into the food chain is an important environmental issue that entails risks to humans. Several reports indicate that game meat can be an important source of heavy metals, particularly because of the increasing consumption of game meat, mainly by hunters. We performed an exposure assessment of hunters and members of their households, both adults and children, who consumed wild boar (WB) meat and offal. We estimated the amount of cadmium, lead, and chromium in the tissues of WB hunted in six areas within Viterbo Province (Italy) and gathered data on WB meat and offal consumption by conducting specific diet surveys in the same areas. The exposure to cadmium, lead, and chromium was simulated with specifically developed Monte Carlo simulation models. Cadmium and lead levels in WB liver and meat harvested in Viterbo Province (Italy) were similar to or lower than the values reported in other studies. However, some samples contained these metals at levels greater then the EU limits set for domestic animals. The chromium content of meat or liver cannot be evaluated against any regulatory limit, but our results suggest that the amounts of this metal found in WB products may reflect a moderate environmental load. Our survey of the hunter population confirmed that their consumption of WB meat and liver was greater than that of the general Italian population. This level of consumption was comparable with other European studies. Consumption of WB products contributes significantly to cadmium and lead exposure of both adults and children. More specifically, consumption of the WB liver contributed significantly to total cadmium and lead exposure of members of the households of WB hunters. As a general rule, liver consumption should be kept to a minimum, especially for children living in these hunter households. The exposure to chromium estimated for this population of hunters may be considered to be safe. However, a specific and complete assessment of chromium speciation in relevant dietary and environmental situations should be conducted.

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Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…It is critical that hunters themselves are engaged in efforts to ameliorate the impacts of Pb on wildlife in general, and on game species in particular. Collaboration with, and educational programs for, the hunting community should therefore be promoted (Friend et al, 2009); and these programs must highlight the dual benefits of using non-toxic shot, as well as the potential risk that Pb contaminated food poses to human health, especially to fetuses and to young children (Carlisle et al, 2009;Lanphear et al, 2005). We suggest that in order to effectively reduce the risk of Pb exposure in humans and poisoning in waterbirds, "protected wetland only" bans on Pb shot should be extended to adjacent feeding grounds.…”

Section: Risk For Human Consumersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Mateo

Vallverdú-Coll

López-Antia

et al. 2014

Environment International

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The use of lead (Pb) ammunition in the form of shot pellets has been identified as a Pb exposure risk in wildlife and their human consumers. We explore the hypothesis that Pb shot ban enforcement reduces the risk of avian Pb poisoning as well as Pb exposure in game meat consumers. We assessed compliance with a partial ban on Pb shot commencing in 2003 by examination of 937 waterbirds harvested by hunters between 2007 and 2012 in the Ebro delta (Spain). Prevalence of Pb shot ingestion was determined, as were Pb concentrations in liver and muscle tissue to evaluate the potential for Pb exposure in game meat consumers. Hunted birds with only embedded Pb shot (no steel) declined from 26.9% in 2007-08 to b2% over the following three hunting seasons after ban reinforcement. Pb shot ingestion in mallards decreased from a pre-ban value of 30.2% to 15.5% in the post-ban period. Liver Pb levels were predominantly defined by the presence of ingested shot, whereas muscle levels were defined by the presence of both ingested and embedded shot. Only 2.5% of mallard muscle tissue had Pb levels above European Union regulations for meat (0.1 μg/g wet weight) in the 2008-09 season, when Pb shot ingestion prevalence was also at a minimum (5.1%). Effective restrictions in Pb ammunition use have a dual benefit since this reduces Pb exposure for game meat consumers due to embedded ammunition as well as reducing Pb poisoning in waterbirds.

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“…Lead is a well-known neurotoxin, with exposure leading to neurobehavioural effects in children (e.g. Lanphear et al, 2005), and cardiovascular (hypertension) and renal toxicity effects in adults (EFSA, 2010). Indeed, a growing number of studies suggest that the threshold for clinical concern should be reduced to a blood Pb level below 5 μg dL − 1 (Budtz-Jorgensen et al, 2013;Navas-Acien et al, 2009;Zahran et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

Dean

Elom

Entwistle

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis

Cited by 1,820 publications

References 43 publications

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Reducing Pb poisoning in birds and Pb exposure in game meat consumers: The dual benefit of effective Pb shot regulation

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

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