Low-level Electrochemical Analysis of Ketoconazole by Sepiolite Nanoparticles Modified Sensor in Shampoo Sample

Abstract

In this study, the nano-sepiolite modified carbon paste electrode (CCPE) was prepared for the determination of ketoconazole (KC). The effects of pH, the proportion of the electrode modifier, deposition potential, and deposition time were investigated. Ketoconazole shows one irreversible oxidation peak at about the potential value of 0.6-0.7 V at different pH values. CV studies show that the modified electrode performed a catalytic effect on the peak signal of KC compared to the bare electrode. This catalytic behavior of CCPE was used for the development of a sensitive detection method. The impact of pH and scan rates on the anodic peak potentials and currents were examined, and the scan rate results show that the oxidation behavior of KC was controlled by the adsorption process at the CCPE surface. Therefore, adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdsDPV) and adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdsSWV) methods were developed for KC analysis. The two different linear ranges were obtained as (0.1−1.0) nM and (3.

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“…The logi p -log graph was plotted in different scan rates. The slope of the logi p -log graph is about 0.77, indicating the dominant adsorption-controlled electrochemical process [26,27]. The electrooxidation of PROP is likely to occur with the loss of one electron, which means the oxidation of tertiary nitrogen in the aromatic ring to a radical cation [25].…”

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“…The recovery values ranged from 99.42 to 110.40% and the RSD values from 3.10 to 8.40%. 39 Silva et al 40 The calculated sensitivity value of the proposed sensor was 3.60 μA L μmol −1 . Interference studies were carried out employing SWV in 1:1 and 1:10 ketoconazole solutions containing microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and crospovidone.…”

“…40 A number of voltametric sensors were proposed for the analysis of ketoconazole. Comparing the response characteristics obtained using the proposed sensors for the assay of ketoconazole, [37][38][39][40] the lowest limit of detection was achieved by the sensor based on CCPE, when the AS-DPV was used; the linear concentration ranges are not wide for any of the proposed sensors. High sensitivity and selectivity are needed, as well as for samples from environment such as water analysis, there is a real need of low limits of determination to be able to determine it with high precision.…”

“…The proposed sensor was applied for the determination of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical tablets, obtaining recovery and RSD values of 99.20-106.00% and 0.57 − 4.12%, respectively. 38 Aydar and co-authors 39 proposed a nano-sepiolite clay modified carbon paste electrode (CCPE). AS-DPV and AS-SWV techniques were employed for calibration studies, resulting in two linear concentrations ranges of 1.00 × 10 −4 -1.00 × 10 −3 μmol l −1 and 3.00 × 10 −3 -1.00 × 10 −2 μmol l −1 for AS-DPV and AS-SWV, respectively.…”