Antifungal agents are essential drugs used to treat fungal infections caused by various types of fungi. Due to their mechanism of action, these drugs bear serious adverse reactions, interact with a wide range of other drugs, and negatively impact the environment. Therefore, there is a need for accurate, sensitive, and reliable detection methods to minimize and possibly avoid their potential negative effects. Although so far classical methods have proven to be effective in detecting these drugs, some of their disadvantages have led the scientific community to focus its efforts on electrochemical methods, as they are simple to use, sensitive, and require a small quantity of sample and minimal sample pretreatment. This mini-review focuses on electrochemical sensors developed between 2017 and 2022 for the detection and quantification of antifungal azoles, highlighting their response characteristics, sensitivity, and applicability in real samples analysis.
A multimode sensor (a sensor responding simultaneously to more than one mode, e.g., stochastic mode, amperometric mode, voltammetric mode) based on graphite paste modified with N-methylfulleropyrrolidine was proposed for the determination of butoconazole nitrate in its pharmaceutical formulation. The stochastic mode and square wave voltammetry mode were applied for the determinations. Both the stochastic mode and square wave voltammetry mode were applied for a qualitative and quantitative assay of butoconazole nitrate. The sensor can be used between 1.68 × 10 −6 and 1.68 × 10 4 μmol L −1 when the stochastic mode is used and between 0.168 and 16.80 μmol L −1 when the square wave voltammetry mode is used. The multimode sensor was reliably used for the determination of butoconazole nitrate in its pharmaceutical formulation, Gynofort cream, the recorded recoveries being higher than 99.00%, with RSD (%) values of lower than 2.00%.
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