Low-Intensity Ultrasound Combined with Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether in the Treatment of Experimental Periodontitis in Rats

Abstract

Objectives. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether- (HMME-) mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on experimental periodontal disease in rats. Methods. Periodontal disease was induced by submerging ligatures at the first maxillary molar subgingival region in forty-eight male SD rats. After 30 days, the ligatures were removed. The rats were randomly allocated into four groups; the experimental SDT group was treated through hypodermic injection of 40 μg/mL HMME and 3 W/cm2 low-intensity ultrasound irradiation (1 MHz, 600 s). Those in control groups received 40 μg/mL HMME alone (control 1 group) or 3 W/cm2 ultrasound irradiation alone (control 2 group) or were subjected to neither HMME nor ultrasound (control 3 group). After 10 days of treatment, all rats were euthanized, the maxilla was obtained for histological examination, and the alveolar bone level was evaluated by histometric analysis. Results. The control groups showed more bone loss (P < 0.05) after 10 days of treatment than the SDT group. There is no significant difference among the control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions. HMME mediated SDT was an effective therapy of experimental periodontal tissue in rats.

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“…Treatment of periodontitis and anti-microbial activity against pathogenic organisms to treat infectious diseases through SDT were successful, but still in pre-clinical stage. Further explorations may aid in identifying the optimal methodology for those conditions [ 357 ]. Additional management of atherosclerosis by SDT was also under rigorous exploration and scientists provide evidences for potential treatment of atherosclerotic plaques [ 358 ].…”

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“…[109] The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether was also found to exhibit sonodynamic properties and was successfully used in in vitro eradication of S. aureus [111] and Porphyromonas gingivalis, [112] as well as in the treatment of periodontal diseases in rats. [113] Xu's group studied the sonodynamic activity of another photosensitizer, Hypocrellin B, and showed its significant antibacterial efficacy in killing Staphylococcus epidermidis [114] and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. [115] Curcumin, a natural photosensitizer, demonstrates a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, while at the same time inducing very low or no internal toxicity.…”

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“…[ 4 , 7 , 10 ] The traditional sonosensitizers mainly include organic sonosensitizers (e.g., hematoporphyrin, photofrin, hematoporphyrin mono‐methyl ether (HMME), photoporphyrin IX, ATX‐70, etc.) [ 11 ] and inorganic sonosensitizers (e.g., titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) [ 12 ] and TiO 2 ‐based hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), [ 13 ] oxygen‐deficient NPs, [ 14 ] fullerenes, [ 15 ] silver selenide (Ag 2 Se) QDs, [ 16 ] and black phosphorus (BP) NSs, [ 17 ] etc.). These sonosensitizers usually suffer from several disadvantages, such as high phototoxicity, low sonodynamic efficiency, and potential long‐term retention within the body.…”